Antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of graphene non-woven fabrics, in particular to an antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric and a preparation method thereof.According to the antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric and the preparation method thereof, the non-woven fabric is placed in graphene to be soaked, pressing and rolling are conducted after soaking, so that graphene is adsorbed to the non-woven fabric, and the antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric is obtained; according to spectral information of the graphene non-woven fabric, the adsorption condition of graphene on the non-woven fabric is determined, whether preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified or not is analyzed according to the area proportion of the graphene on the non-woven fabric, and when the area proportion of the graphene is small, the influence of the rolling degree of the dip-dyed non-woven fabric on the distribution condition of the graphene is considered. The rolling force is large, the extrusion degree on the non-woven fabric is large, diffusion of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric is promoted, the roller pressure in the rolling treatment process is adjusted according to the analysis result, the diffusion degree of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric is promoted, and the uniformity of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of graphene non-woven fabrics, and in particular to an antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Graphene inner warm fiber has antibacterial, anti-bacterial, anti-ultraviolet and other functions, and can be used to prepare textile products with health protection functions. The existing technology forms a coating on non-woven fabrics by combining graphene with polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of non-woven fabrics. However, the surface roughness, chemical properties and pore structure of non-woven fabrics will affect the adsorption capacity of graphene, resulting in uneven distribution of graphene on non-woven fabrics, which in turn affects the quality of non-woven fabrics.

[0003] Chinese Patent Publication No.: CN112921668A discloses a graphene-coated nonwoven fabric and a preparation method thereof, wherein the graphene-coated nonwoven fabric comprises an outer layer and an inner layer, wherein the outer layer is a graphene-coated material, and the inner layer is a nonwoven fabric, wherein the graphene-coated material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-30 parts of graphene, 100-150 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride, 1-5 parts of polyethylene, and 0.1-2 parts of a dispersant. The present invention uses graphene with high mechanical strength, super hydrophobicity, and flame retardancy to form a coating on a nonwoven fabric, thereby greatly enhancing the mechanical properties, water permeability resistance, and flame retardancy of the nonwoven fabric, so that it meets the use requirements of protective clothing.

[0004] However, the prior art still has the following problems: Since the surface roughness, chemical properties and pore structure of non-woven fabrics will affect the adsorption capacity of graphene, the graphene will be unevenly distributed on the non-woven fabrics, which in turn affects the quality of the non-woven fabrics. Summary of the invention

[0005] To this end, the present invention provides an antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric and a preparation method thereof, so as to overcome the problem in the prior art that the surface roughness, chemical properties and pore structure of the non-woven fabric will affect the adsorption capacity of graphene, resulting in uneven distribution of graphene on the non-woven fabric, thereby affecting the quality of the non-woven fabric.

[0006] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for preparing an antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric. The method comprises: Adding a dispersant and a reducing agent to the pulverized graphene to prepare a graphene dispersion, and immersing the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion for a predetermined time; The soaked nonwoven fabric is subjected to a pressing process at a predetermined pressure, and the deformation amount of the nonwoven fabric after the pressing process is detected; The pressed non-woven fabric is cleaned, dried and subjected to high-temperature reduction treatment to obtain a graphene non-woven fabric; Obtaining a graphene non-woven fabric sample, detecting spectral information on the surface of the graphene non-woven fabric sample, determining a target area with graphene attached according to the spectral information, and analyzing whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area; Based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric, a secondary judgment is made on whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified, or, based on the distribution of the target area, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed, and the preparation parameters for the next batch of graphene non-woven fabric preparation process are determined based on the adsorption type, including: Based on the area ratio of the target area, the roller pressure of the subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric is adjusted, and the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted. Or, adjusting the high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area; The next batch of graphene nonwoven fabrics is prepared based on the adjusted parameters or by maintaining the initial preparation parameters.

[0007] Further, the analysis of whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area includes: Calculate the area of ​​the non-woven fabric with graphene to obtain the target area. Solve the ratio of the target area to the total area of ​​the graphene non-woven fabric sample to obtain the area ratio of the target area. Determine whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified; A secondary judgment is made on whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area. Or, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed based on the distribution in the target area.

[0008] Furthermore, the secondary determination of whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric comprises: Determine whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified. or, determining that the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is unqualified, and determining that the non-woven fabric after the pressing treatment is subjected to the graphene spraying treatment; The deformation amount is the rebound distance of the nonwoven fabric after the calendering process.

[0009] Furthermore, the adsorption type of graphene analyzed based on the distribution of the target area includes: a strong adsorption type and a weak adsorption type.

[0010] Furthermore, the determination of the preparation parameters in the preparation process of the next batch of graphene non-woven fabrics based on the adsorption interference intensity type includes: When the graphene non-woven fabric is of a weak adsorption type, determining to adjust the roller pressure of a subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area, and adjusting the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion; When the graphene non-woven fabric is of a strong adsorption type, it is determined that the high-temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area.

[0011] Further, the roller pressure of the subsequent calendering process for the nonwoven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in roll pressure is negatively correlated with the area ratio of the target area.

[0012] Further, the immersion time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted, wherein: The increase in immersion time was negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

[0013] Furthermore, the high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in the duration of high-temperature reduction is negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

[0014] Furthermore, an adhesive layer is coated on the non-woven fabric before the immersion treatment.

[0015] The invention provides an antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric. The raw materials of the non-woven fabric include: 92% to 95% of polymer materials, 0.1% to 9% of graphene materials, 0.1% to 1% of surfactants, and 0.1% to 4.5% of additives.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention lies in that, in the present invention, the non-woven fabric is immersed in graphene and pressed after the immersion so that the graphene is adsorbed on the non-woven fabric, the adsorption of graphene on the non-woven fabric is determined according to the spectral information of the graphene non-woven fabric, and whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified is analyzed according to the area ratio of the graphene on the non-woven fabric. When the area ratio of the graphene is small, considering that the degree of pressing of the impregnated non-woven fabric will affect the distribution of the graphene, the greater the pressing force, the greater the degree of extrusion on the non-woven fabric, which promotes the diffusion of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric, and the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is analyzed according to the pressing situation, thereby improving the control accuracy of the graphene non-woven fabric.

[0017] Furthermore, the present invention analyzes the adsorption of graphene according to the distribution of graphene on the non-woven fabric, analyzes the matching degree between the non-woven fabric and the graphene, the more concentrated the graphene distribution is, considering that the graphene adsorbed on the non-woven fabric diffuses on the non-woven fabric due to the rolling process, and the adsorption capacity of graphene on the non-woven fabric is relatively weak. When the graphene is determined to be a weak adsorption type, the roller pressure of the rolling process is reduced to promote the diffusion degree of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric, increase the immersion time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion, and make the non-woven fabric more fully mixed with the graphene dispersion, thereby improving the uniformity of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric; Furthermore, in the present invention, when it is detected that graphene is distributed and dispersed on the non-woven fabric, considering that the adsorption capacity of graphene on the non-woven fabric is stronger, the proportion of graphene on the non-woven fabric is smaller due to insufficient high-temperature reduction treatment, and thus the high-temperature reduction time is increased, so that the high-temperature reduction of the graphene non-woven fabric is more sufficient, thereby further improving the uniformity of graphene on the surface of the non-woven fabric.

[0018] Furthermore, in the present invention, whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified is analyzed according to the rebound distance of the graphene non-woven fabric after the rolling treatment. If the rebound distance of the graphene non-woven fabric is large, and the area proportion of the graphene on the graphene non-woven fabric is small, it indicates that the content of graphene on the non-woven fabric is small. In the present invention, graphene is sprayed on the graphene non-woven fabric to increase the adsorption amount of graphene on the non-woven fabric, thereby improving the quality of the prepared graphene non-woven fabric. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 A flow chart of a method for preparing an antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric; Figure 2 A flow chart for analyzing whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified; Figure 3 A flow chart for determining whether the preparation of graphene nonwoven fabric is qualified for secondary analysis; Figure 4 Flow chart for analyzing the adsorption type of graphene. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In order to make the objects and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described below in conjunction with embodiments; it should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0021] It should be pointed out that the data in this embodiment are obtained by comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the historical data of the system of the present invention in the six months before this determination and the corresponding historical determination results. It can be understood by those skilled in the art that the determination method of the system of the present invention for a single parameter mentioned above can be to select the value with the highest proportion as the preset standard parameter according to the data distribution, use weighted summation to use the obtained value as the preset standard parameter, substitute each historical data into a specific formula and use the value obtained by the formula as the preset standard parameter or other selection methods, as long as the system of the present invention can clearly define different specific situations in the single determination process through the obtained values.

[0022] The preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only used to explain the technical principles of the present invention and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.

[0023] It should be noted that, in the description of the present invention, terms such as "up", "down", "left", "right", "inside" and "outside" indicating directions or positional relationships are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings. This is merely for the convenience of description and does not indicate or imply that the device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0024] In addition, it should be noted that in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For those skilled in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0025] See also Figure 1 As shown, it is a flow chart of the preparation method of antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric.

[0026] The present invention provides a method for preparing an antibacterial graphene non-woven fabric, comprising: Adding a dispersant and a reducing agent to the pulverized graphene to prepare a graphene dispersion, and immersing the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion for a predetermined time; The soaked nonwoven fabric is subjected to a pressing process at a predetermined pressure, and the deformation amount of the nonwoven fabric after the pressing process is detected; The pressed non-woven fabric is cleaned, dried and subjected to high-temperature reduction treatment to obtain a graphene non-woven fabric; Obtaining a graphene non-woven fabric sample, detecting spectral information on the surface of the graphene non-woven fabric sample, determining a target area with graphene attached according to the spectral information, and analyzing whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area; Based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric, a secondary judgment is made on whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified, or, based on the distribution of the target area, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed, and the preparation parameters for the next batch of graphene non-woven fabric preparation process are determined based on the adsorption type, including: Based on the area ratio of the target area, the roller pressure of the subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric is adjusted, and the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted. Or, adjusting the high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area; The next batch of graphene nonwoven fabrics is prepared based on the adjusted parameters or by maintaining the initial preparation parameters.

[0027] See also Figure 2 As shown, it is a flow chart for analyzing whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified.

[0028] Specifically, the analysis of whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area includes: Calculate the area of ​​the non-woven fabric with graphene to obtain the target area. Solve the ratio of the target area to the total area of ​​the graphene non-woven fabric sample to obtain the area ratio of the target area. If the area ratio of the target area is greater than or equal to the first preset area ratio standard threshold, the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is determined to be qualified; If the area ratio of the target area is less than the first preset area ratio standard threshold value and greater than or equal to the second preset area ratio standard threshold value, a secondary determination is made as to whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area; If the area ratio of the target area is less than the second preset area ratio standard threshold, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed based on the distribution of the target area.

[0029] Specifically, in this embodiment, the first preset area ratio standard threshold value and the second preset area ratio standard threshold value are obtained in advance, and a number of different graphene non-woven fabric samples are obtained, and the area of ​​the non-woven fabrics with graphene attached, that is, the target area area, is detected respectively, and the average area of ​​the target area is solved. The first preset area ratio standard threshold value is 0.95~1.15 times the average area of ​​the target area, and the second preset area ratio standard threshold value is 0.75~0.85 times the average area of ​​the target area.

[0030] See also Figure 3As shown, it is a flow chart for determining whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified for secondary analysis.

[0031] Specifically, the secondary determination of whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric includes: If the deformation amount is less than or equal to the preset deformation amount standard threshold value, it is determined that the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified; If the deformation amount is greater than the preset deformation amount standard threshold value, it is determined that the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is unqualified, and it is determined that the non-woven fabric after the pressing treatment is subjected to graphene spraying treatment; The deformation amount is the rebound distance of the nonwoven fabric after the calendering process.

[0032] Specifically, in this embodiment, the preset deformation variable standard threshold is obtained by pre-measurement, a number of graphene non-woven fabric samples are subjected to rolling treatment, the rebound distance of each sample is recorded, and the mean rebound distance is solved. The preset deformation variable standard threshold is 0.95~1.1 times the mean rebound distance.

[0033] See also Figure 4 As shown, it is a flow chart for analyzing the adsorption type of graphene.

[0034] Specifically, the analysis of the adsorption type of graphene based on the distribution of the target area includes: If the target area is dispersed, the graphene nonwoven fabric is judged to be a strong adsorption type; If the target area is concentrated, the graphene nonwoven fabric is judged to be a weak adsorption type.

[0035] Specifically, the method of determining the preparation parameters in the preparation process of the next batch of graphene non-woven fabrics based on the adsorption interference intensity type includes: If the graphene non-woven fabric is of a weak adsorption type, it is determined that the roller pressure of the subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, and the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted; If the graphene non-woven fabric is of a strong adsorption type, it is determined to adjust the high-temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area.

[0036] Specifically, the roller pressure of the subsequent calendering process for the nonwoven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in roll pressure is negatively correlated with the area ratio of the target area.

[0037] Specifically, in this embodiment, a dyeing rolling mill is used to perform a rolling process on the graphene non-woven fabric.

[0038] Specifically, the immersion time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted, wherein: The increase in immersion time was negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

[0039] In this embodiment, optionally, The area ratio of the target area is compared with the first preset area ratio and the second preset area ratio. If the area ratio of the target area is less than or equal to the first preset area ratio, the first roller pressure is increased, the first roller pressure is 0.35 times the initial roller pressure, and the first immersion time is increased, the first immersion time is 0.4 times the initial immersion time; If the area ratio of the target area is greater than the first preset area ratio and less than or equal to the second preset area ratio, the second roller pressure is increased to 0.3 times the initial roller pressure, and the second immersion time is increased to 0.3 times the initial immersion time; If the area ratio of the target area is greater than the second preset area ratio, the third roller pressure is increased, the third roller pressure is 0.25 times the initial roller pressure, and the third immersion time is increased, the third immersion time is 0.2 times the initial immersion time; The first preset area ratio is 0.6 to 0.65 times the average area of ​​the target area, and the second preset area ratio is 0.7 to 0.75 times the average area of ​​the target area.

[0040] Specifically, the high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in the duration of high-temperature reduction is negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

[0041] In this embodiment, optionally, The area ratio of the target area is compared with the first preset area ratio and the second preset area ratio. If the area ratio of the target area is less than or equal to the first preset area ratio, the first high temperature reduction time is increased, and the first high temperature reduction time is 0.35 times the initial high temperature reduction time; If the area ratio of the target area is greater than the first preset area ratio and less than or equal to the second preset area ratio, the second high temperature reduction time is increased, and the second high temperature reduction time is 0.3 times the initial high temperature reduction time; If the area ratio of the target area is greater than the second preset area ratio, the third high-temperature reduction time is increased, and the third high-temperature reduction time is 0.25 times the initial high-temperature reduction time.

[0042] Specifically, the nonwoven fabric is coated with an adhesive layer before being soaked.

[0043] Specifically, the raw materials of the non-woven fabric include: 92% to 95% of polymer materials, 0.1% to 9% of graphene materials, 0.1% to 1% of surfactants, and 0.1% to 4.5% of additives.

[0044] So far, the technical solutions of the present invention have been described in conjunction with the preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. However, it is easy for those skilled in the art to understand that the protection scope of the present invention is obviously not limited to these specific embodiments. Without departing from the principle of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make equivalent changes or substitutions to the relevant technical features, and the technical solutions after these changes or substitutions will fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0045] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing an antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric, characterized in that: include: Adding a dispersant and a reducing agent to the pulverized graphene to prepare a graphene dispersion, and immersing the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion for a predetermined time; The soaked nonwoven fabric is subjected to a pressing process at a predetermined pressure, and the deformation amount of the nonwoven fabric after the pressing process is detected; The pressed non-woven fabric is cleaned, dried and subjected to high-temperature reduction treatment to obtain a graphene non-woven fabric; Obtaining a graphene non-woven fabric sample, detecting spectral information on the surface of the graphene non-woven fabric sample, determining a target area with graphene attached according to the spectral information, and analyzing whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area; Based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric, a secondary judgment is made on whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified, or, based on the distribution of the target area, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed, and the preparation parameters for the next batch of graphene non-woven fabric preparation process are determined based on the adsorption type, including: Based on the area ratio of the target area, the roller pressure of the subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric is adjusted, and the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion is adjusted. Or, adjusting the high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area; The next batch of graphene nonwoven fabrics is prepared based on the adjusted parameters or by maintaining the initial preparation parameters.

2. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that: The analysis of whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area includes: Calculate the area of ​​the non-woven fabric with graphene to obtain the target area. Solve the ratio of the target area to the total area of ​​the graphene non-woven fabric sample to obtain the area ratio of the target area. Determine whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified; A secondary judgment is made on whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the area ratio of the target area. Or, the adsorption type of graphene is analyzed based on the distribution in the target area.

3. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 2, characterized in that: The second step of determining whether the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is qualified based on the measured deformation of the non-woven fabric comprises: Determine whether the preparation of graphene non-woven fabric is qualified. or, determining that the preparation of the graphene non-woven fabric is unqualified, and determining that the non-woven fabric after the pressing treatment is subjected to the graphene spraying treatment; The deformation amount is the rebound distance of the nonwoven fabric after the calendering process.

4. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 3, characterized in that: The adsorption type of graphene analyzed based on the distribution of the target area includes: a strong adsorption type and a weak adsorption type.

5. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 4, characterized in that: The method of determining the preparation parameters in the preparation process of the next batch of graphene non-woven fabrics based on the adsorption interference intensity type includes: When the graphene non-woven fabric is of a weak adsorption type, determining to adjust the roller pressure of a subsequent rolling process for the non-woven fabric based on the area ratio of the target area, and adjusting the soaking time of the non-woven fabric in the graphene dispersion; When the graphene non-woven fabric is of a strong adsorption type, it is determined that the high-temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area.

6. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 5, characterized in that: The roller pressure of the subsequent calendering process for the nonwoven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in roll pressure is negatively correlated with the area ratio of the target area.

7. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 5, characterized in that: The step of adjusting the immersion time of the nonwoven fabric in the graphene dispersion comprises: The increase in immersion time was negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

8. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 5, characterized in that: The high temperature reduction time of the graphene non-woven fabric is adjusted based on the area ratio of the target area, wherein: The increase in the duration of high-temperature reduction is negatively correlated with the area proportion of the target area.

9. The method for preparing the antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric according to claim 5, characterized in that: The nonwoven fabric is coated with an adhesive layer before being soaked.

10. An antibacterial graphene nonwoven fabric for implementing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The raw materials of the non-woven fabric include: 92% to 95% of polymer materials, 0.1% to 9% of graphene materials, 0.1% to 1% of surfactants, and 0.1% to 4.5% of additives.

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