Perovskite solar cell and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention provides a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method and application thereof. The perovskite solar cell comprises a perovskite absorption layer and a vulcanization layer which are arranged in a stacked mode. The material of the vulcanization layer comprises a sulfonium salt organic matter, wherein cations of the sulfonium salt organic matter have a structure as shown in a formula (I). The material of the sulfide layer in the perovskite solar cell is the sulfonium salt organic matter, on one hand, the sulfonium salt organic matter is combined with the surface of perovskite, the stable sulfide layer is formed between the perovskite absorption layer and the carrier transport layer, ion defects are reduced, ion migration is effectively prevented, and the performance and stability of a device are improved; on the other hand, the hydrophobic group of the sulfonium salt organic matter can improve the hydrophobicity of the surface of the perovskite absorption layer, and the moisture resistance of the cell is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, and in particular to a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, perovskite solar cells and crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cells have received attention from the industry. However, the stability of PSCs (perovskite solar cells) is still not high. The stability of the grain boundaries and surfaces of the perovskite layer is the key to improving the stability of PSCs. Many organic cations in halide perovskites have been studied for use in PSCs. Among them, most organic cations are ammonium cations, which are easily deprotonated and react with the organic salt components of perovskites to produce ammonia, which is very unfavorable for the long-term stability of PSCs.

[0003] CN 114824088 A discloses a perovskite solar cell with a protective layer and a preparation method thereof. Although organic sulfides are used, the organic sulfides are all molecules and can only react with Pb 2+ The article "Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells" published by You Jingbi and others from the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, records phenethylammonium iodide, but phenethylammonium iodide is a proton salt that reacts with iodomethane in perovskite to produce ammonia, reducing the durability of the battery.

[0004] In view of the problems existing in existing technologies, it is very necessary to develop a new type of perovskite solar cell. Summary of the invention

[0005] The embodiments of the present application provide a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method and application thereof to solve or alleviate at least one of the technical problems mentioned above.

[0006] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, wherein the perovskite solar cell comprises a stacked perovskite absorption layer and a sulfide layer;

[0007] The material of the sulfide layer includes a sulfonium salt organic compound, wherein the cation of the sulfonium salt organic compound has a structure of formula (I):

[0008]

[0009] In formula (I), R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and are independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C10 phenylalkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and R1, R2 and R3 are connected to the S atom in a single bond manner;

[0010] The substituted substituents are independently selected from any one of methyl, tert-butyl, halogen, cyano or nitro.

[0011] Optionally, R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

[0012] Optionally, the anion of the sulfonium salt organic compound is selected from any one of a halide ion, a sulfonate ion, a benzenesulfonate ion, a thiocyanate ion, a tetrafluoroborate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, a trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a formate ion or an acetate ion.

[0013] Optionally, the perovskite absorption layer material is an ABX3 type perovskite material;

[0014] Wherein: A ion is any one of cesium ion, rubidium ion, potassium ion, methylamine ion, formamidine ion, methylenediamine ion, benzamidine cation, guanidinium cation, or a combination of at least two thereof; B ion is divalent lead ion and / or divalent tin ion; X ion is any one of fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, formate ion, or acetate ion, or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0015] Optionally, based on the thickness of the sulfide layer being 0.1 nm-5 nm, the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer is 100 nm-10 μm.

[0016] Optionally, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a first transmission layer and a second transmission layer;

[0017] The first transmission layer is located on a side of the perovskite absorption layer away from the sulfide layer, and the second transmission layer is located on a side of the sulfide layer away from the perovskite absorption layer;

[0018] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0019] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer;

[0020] Optionally, the electron transport layer material is selected from tin dioxide, titanium dioxide, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid isomethyl ester, C 60 or C 60Any one or a combination of at least two of the derivatives;

[0021] Optionally, the electron transport layer has at least one layer, that is, one or more layers.

[0022] Optionally, based on the thickness of the sulfide layer being 0.1 nm-5 nm, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 0.1 nm-100 nm.

[0023] Optionally, the hole transport layer material is SAM or a metal-containing semiconductor.

[0024] The SAM is any one of [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(7H-dibenzocarbazole-7-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid or (4-(2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0025] The metal-containing semiconductor is any one of nickel oxide, aluminum copper oxide, iron copper oxide, copper oxide, copper iodide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, copper sulfide, ferrous sulfide and cuprous thiocyanate, or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0026] Optionally, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer;

[0027] The first electrode layer is located on a side of the first transmission layer away from the perovskite absorption layer, and the second electrode layer is located on a side of the second transmission layer away from the sulfide layer;

[0028] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0029] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0030] Optionally, the materials of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are independently selected from any one or a combination of at least two of ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, ICO, AZO, BZO, gold, silver, copper, aluminum or carbon;

[0031] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to the first aspect, comprising:

[0032] A sulfonium salt solution is coated on one surface of the perovskite absorption layer to form a sulfide layer;

[0033] The solute of the sulfonium salt solution is a sulfonium salt organic substance, and the solvent is any one of chlorobenzene, chloroform, isopropanol, toluene or ethyl acetate, or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0034] Optionally, in the sulfonium salt solution, the concentration of the sulfonium salt organic matter is 0.1 mg / mL-5 mg / mL.

[0035] Optionally, the method for preparing the perovskite solar cell comprises:

[0036] Forming a first transmission layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a sulfide layer, a second absorption layer and a second electrode layer in sequence on a surface of one side of the first electrode layer;

[0037] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0038] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0039] In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module, comprising a plurality of perovskite solar cells connected in series and / or in parallel; wherein at least one perovskite solar cell is the perovskite solar cell described in the first aspect.

[0040] In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, wherein the photovoltaic system includes the photovoltaic component described in the third aspect.

[0041] The above technical solution adopted in the embodiment of the present application may have the following advantages:

[0042] The material of the sulfide layer is sulfonium salt organic matter. Firstly, the sulfonium salt organic matter can combine with the surface of the perovskite to form a stable sulfide layer between the perovskite absorption layer and the carrier transport layer, reduce ion defects, effectively prevent ion migration, and improve the performance and stability of the device; secondly, the hydrophobic group of the sulfonium salt organic matter can improve the hydrophobicity of the surface of the perovskite absorption layer and improve the moisture resistance of the battery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] In the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise specified, the same reference numerals throughout the multiple drawings represent the same or similar parts or elements. These drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. It should be understood that these drawings only depict some embodiments disclosed in the present application and should not be regarded as limiting the scope of the present application.

[0044] Figure 1 : The structure of the perovskite solar cell in Example 1;

[0045] Figure 2 : Schematic diagram of the durability experimental comparison curve of the perovskite solar cell prepared in Example 1 and the perovskite solar cell prepared in the comparative example.

[0046] Description of reference numerals:

[0047] 010 is the first electrode layer; 020 is the first transmission layer; 030 is the perovskite absorption layer; 040 is the sulfide layer; 050 is the second transmission layer; and 060 is the second electrode layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The embodiments of the present application are described in detail below, and examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings. In the accompanying drawings, for clarity, the sizes of layers, regions, elements and their relative sizes may be exaggerated. Wherein the same or similar reference numerals throughout represent the same or similar elements or elements with the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below are exemplary and are only used to explain the present application, and cannot be understood as limitations on the present application. It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments in the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other.

[0049] The embodiment of the present application provides a perovskite solar cell, comprising a stacked perovskite absorption layer and a sulfide layer;

[0050] The material of the sulfide layer includes a sulfonium salt organic compound, wherein the cation of the sulfonium salt organic compound has a structure of formula (I):

[0051]

[0052] In formula (I), R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and are independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C10 phenylalkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and R1, R2 and R3 are connected to the S atom in a single bond manner;

[0053] The substituted substituents are each independently selected from any one of methyl, tert-butyl, halogen, cyano or nitro.

[0054] In some embodiments, the alkyl group is a chain alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group, preferably a chain alkyl group.

[0055] In some embodiments, the phenylalkyl group is an alkyl group substituted with a phenyl group, attached to the host group through the alkyl group.

[0056] In some embodiments, C1-C10 refers to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms.

[0057] In some embodiments, C7-C10 refers to 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.

[0058] When preparing perovskite solar cells, the material of the sulfide layer is sulfonium salt organic matter. Firstly, the sulfonium salt organic matter can combine with the perovskite surface to form a stable sulfide layer between the perovskite absorption layer and the carrier transport layer, reduce ion defects, effectively prevent ion migration, and improve the performance and stability of the device; secondly, the hydrophobic group of the sulfonium salt organic matter can improve the hydrophobicity of the surface of the perovskite absorption layer and improve the moisture resistance of the battery.

[0059] In some embodiments, R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

[0060] In some embodiments, R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl or phenyl.

[0061] Preferably, R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from ethyl or phenyl.

[0062] In some embodiments, R1, R2, and R3 are all ethyl or phenyl.

[0063] In some embodiments, the anion of the sulfonium salt organic compound is selected from any one of a halide ion, a sulfonate ion, a benzenesulfonate ion, a thiocyanate ion, a tetrafluoroborate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, a trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a formate ion, or an acetate ion.

[0064] In some embodiments, the sulfonium salt organic compound is preferably triethylsulfonium iodide or triphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.

[0065] In some embodiments, the perovskite absorber layer material is an ABX3 type perovskite material;

[0066] Wherein: A ion is any one of cesium ion, rubidium ion, potassium ion, methylamine ion, formamidine ion, methylenediamine ion, benzamidine cation, guanidinium cation, or a combination of at least two thereof; B ion is divalent lead ion and / or divalent tin ion; X ion is any one of fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, formate ion, or acetate ion, or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0067] In the preparation of perovskite solar cells, firstly, sulfonium salt organic matter can sulfide the surface of the perovskite absorption layer, especially with Pb in the perovskite absorption layer. 2+It can form coordination bonds and form low-dimensional perovskites, stabilizing the black phase of perovskites. Secondly, the sulfonium salt organic matter itself is a non-proton salt and will not introduce protons to react with iodoformamidine to affect battery performance. Thirdly, the hydrophobic end structure of the sulfonium salt organic matter can increase the contact angle of the perovskite absorption layer surface, improve the hydrophobicity of the perovskite absorption layer surface, and prevent the invasion of water.

[0068] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite absorber layer is 100nm-10μm (exemplarily, the thickness of the perovskite absorber layer is 100nm, 90nm, 80nm, 70nm, 60nm, 50nm, 40nm, 30nm, 20nm, 10nm, 8nm, 5nm, 2nm, 1nm, 900μm, 800μm, 700μm, 600μm, 500μm, 400μm, 300μm, 200μm, 100μm, 80μm, 50μm, 30μm or 10μm), based on the thickness of the sulfide layer being 0.1nm-5nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm or 5nm).

[0069] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a first transmission layer and a second transmission layer;

[0070] The first transmission layer is located on the side of the perovskite absorption layer away from the sulfide layer, and the second transmission layer is located on the side of the sulfide layer away from the perovskite absorption layer;

[0071] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0072] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer;

[0073] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer material is selected from tin dioxide, titanium dioxide, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid isomethyl ester, C 60 or C 60 Any one or a combination of at least two of the derivatives;

[0074] In some embodiments, the number of the electron transport layer is at least one, that is, 1 or more layers.

[0075] In some embodiments, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 0.1 nm-100 nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the electron transport layer is 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 20 nm, 10 nm, 8 nm, 5 nm, 2 nm, 1 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.3 nm or 0.1 nm), based on the thickness of the sulfide layer being 0.1 nm-5 nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm or 5 nm).

[0076] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer material is a SAM or a metal-containing semiconductor.

[0077] SAM is any one of [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid, [2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl]phosphonic acid, [4-(7H-dibenzocarbazole-7-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid or (4-(2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0078] The metal-containing semiconductor is any one of nickel oxide, aluminum copper oxide, iron copper oxide, copper oxide, copper iodide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, copper sulfide, ferrous sulfide and cuprous thiocyanate, or a combination of at least two thereof.

[0079] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer has at least one layer, that is, one or more layers.

[0080] In some embodiments, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1nm-5nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm or 5nm), and the thickness of the hole transport layer is 0.1nm-100nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 100nm, 90nm, 80nm, 70nm, 60nm, 50nm, 40nm, 30nm, 20nm, 10nm, 8nm, 5nm, 2nm, 1nm, 0.8nm, 0.5nm, 0.3nm or 0.1nm).

[0081] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are prepared by vacuum evaporation, magnetron sputtering, atomic layer deposition, electrochemical deposition, molecular beam evaporation, solvent dip coating, spin coating, blade coating, slit coating, rod coating or inkjet printing.

[0082] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer;

[0083] The first electrode layer is located on a side of the first transmission layer away from the perovskite absorption layer, and the second electrode layer is located on a side of the second transmission layer away from the sulfide layer;

[0084] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0085] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0086] In some embodiments, the materials of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are independently selected from ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ICO (cerium-doped indium oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), any one of gold, silver, copper, aluminum or carbon, or a combination of at least two of them; among which silver can preferably be silver nanowires.

[0087] In some embodiments, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1 nm-5 nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm or 5 nm), and the thickness of the first electrode layer is 1 nm-100 nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the first electrode layer is 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, 50 nm, 80 nm or 100 nm);

[0088] In some embodiments, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1nm-5nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 2nm, 3nm, 4nm, 5nm, etc.), and the thickness of the second electrode layer is 1nm-500nm (exemplarily, the thickness of the second electrode layer is 1nm, 5nm, 10nm, 30nm, 50nm, 80nm, 100nm, 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, etc.).

[0089] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell is a single-layer cell or a tandem cell.

[0090] In some embodiments, when the perovskite solar cell is a tandem cell, the perovskite solar cell is any one of a perovskite / crystalline silicon tandem cell, a full perovskite tandem cell, a perovskite / organic tandem cell, and a perovskite / CIGS tandem cell.

[0091] The present application provides a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell, comprising:

[0092] A sulfonium salt solution is coated on one surface of the perovskite absorption layer to form a sulfide layer;

[0093] The solute of the sulfonium salt solution is a sulfonium salt organic matter, and the solvent is any one of chlorobenzene, chloroform, isopropanol, toluene or ethyl acetate, or a combination of at least two of them.

[0094] In some embodiments, in the sulfonium salt solution, the concentration of the sulfonium salt organic compound is 0.1 mg / mL-5 mg / mL (exemplarily, the concentration of the sulfonium salt organic compound is 0.1 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, 3 mg / mL or 5 mg / mL).

[0095] In some embodiments, the coating method includes dip coating, spin coating, blade coating, slot coating, rod coating or inkjet printing.

[0096] In some embodiments, the perovskite absorber layer is formed by applying a perovskite precursor solution by dip coating, spin coating, doctor blade coating, slot coating, rod coating, or inkjet printing.

[0097] In some embodiments, a method for preparing a perovskite solar cell includes:

[0098] Forming a first transmission layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a sulfide layer, a second absorption layer and a second electrode layer in sequence on a surface of one side of the first electrode layer;

[0099] Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer;

[0100] When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0101] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are formed by vacuum evaporation, magnetron sputtering, atomic layer deposition, electrochemical deposition, molecular beam evaporation, solvent dip coating, spin coating, blade coating, slit coating, rod coating or inkjet printing.

[0102] The following specific examples further illustrate the present application, but should not be construed as limiting the present application. Without departing from the spirit and substance of the present application, modifications or replacements made to the methods, steps or conditions of the present application are within the scope of the present application.

[0103] [Example 1]

[0104] This embodiment provides a perovskite solar cell, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes: a first electrode layer 010 , a first transport layer (hole transport layer) 020 , a perovskite absorption layer 030 , a sulfide layer 040 , a second transport layer (electron transport layer) 050 ; and a second electrode layer 060 .

[0105] A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0106] (1) Spin-coat 0.5 mg / mL Me-4PACz ([4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid) solution on clean ITO (indium tin oxide) glass at 4000 rpm for 30 seconds, and place the ITO glass coated with Me-4PACz solution on a hot plate for annealing at 100°C for 10 minutes to form a hole transport layer;

[0107] (2) Dissolve 622.36 mg of lead iodide, 10.73 mg of iodomethylamine, 17.53 mg of cesium iodide, and 208.94 mg of iodoformamidine perovskite material in 1 mL of a mixed solvent of N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide (volume ratio of 4:1), and stir at room temperature until completely dissolved to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. Dissolve 2 mg of triethylsulfonium iodide in 1 mL of chloroform, and stir at room temperature until completely dissolved to obtain a sulfonium salt solution.

[0108] (3) In a nitrogen glove box, 70uL of perovskite precursor solution was added dropwise onto a clean ITO conductive glass, and the solution was spin-coated at 500rpm and 4000rpm for 2s and 40s, respectively. After 25s, 400uL of anisole was slowly added dropwise, and then the ITO glass was placed on a hot plate and heated and annealed at 150°C for 15min to form a perovskite absorption layer.

[0109] (4) Take 70 μL of sulfonium salt solution and drop it onto the perovskite absorption layer, spin-coat it at 5000 rpm for 30 seconds, and then place the ITO glass on a hot plate and heat it at 100 °C for 5 minutes to form a sulfide layer.

[0110] (5) Transfer the ITO glass with the sulfide layer to the vacuum coating instrument and wait until the vacuum degree reaches 3*10 -4 Pa evaporation C 60 , with a thickness of 30 nm, thus obtaining an electron transport layer;

[0111] (6) The ITO glass with the hole transport layer, perovskite absorption layer, sulfide layer and electron transport layer is transferred to the glove box, the electrode area is scraped out, and then transferred to the vacuum coating instrument. When the vacuum degree is drawn to 6*10 -4 A silver electrode was evaporated at 100 nm to form a silver electrode with a thickness of 100 nm, thereby obtaining a second electrode layer.

[0112] [Example 2]

[0113] The only difference from Example 1 is that the amount of triethylsulfonium iodide added is 1 mg.

[0114] [Example 3]

[0115] The only difference from Example 1 is that the added amount of triethylsulfonium iodide is 3 mg.

[0116] [Example 4]

[0117] The only difference from Example 1 is that the added amount of triethylsulfonium iodide is 4 mg.

[0118] [Example 5]

[0119] The only difference from Example 1 is that the amount of triethylsulfonium iodide added is 5 mg.

[0120] [Example 6]

[0121] The only difference from Example 1 is that triethylsulfonium iodide is replaced by triphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.

[0122] [Example 7]

[0123] The only difference from Example 1 is that triethylsulfonium iodide is replaced by dimethylbenzylsulfonium iodide.

[0124] [Example 8]

[0125] The only difference from Example 1 is that triethylsulfonium iodide is replaced by cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate.

[0126] [Example 9]

[0127] The only difference from Example 1 is that triethylsulfonium iodide is replaced by (4-fluorophenyl)diphenylsulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate.

[0128] [Comparative Example 1]

[0129] The only difference from Example 1 is that no vulcanization layer is included (there is no step of forming the vulcanization layer).

[0130] The perovskite solar cell prepared in Example 1 (with a sulfurized layer) and the perovskite solar cell prepared in Comparative Example 1 without surface sulfurization treatment (without a sulfurized layer) were subjected to a durability test at 85°C. The results are shown in FIG. Figure 2 .from Figure 2 It can be seen that the perovskite solar cell with a sulfide layer prepared by the method of the present application maintains an efficiency of 92% after working for 200 hours at 85°C, while the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell without a sulfide layer decays to 77% of the initial efficiency after working for 200 hours at 85°C. The stability of the perovskite solar cell prepared by the present application is significantly better than that of the perovskite solar cell prepared by the conventional method. This is because the sulfonium salt in the sulfide layer reacts with the uncoordinated Pb 2+ Coordination and formation of a low-dimensional perovskite structure with perovskite effectively reduce the defect density, reduce ion migration, and protect the perovskite film from the influence of the external atmosphere. Therefore, the provision of a sulfide layer of a specific material can improve the long-term stability of the perovskite solar cell. Similarly, the perovskite solar cells obtained in Examples 2-9 were subjected to the same durability test as in Example 1, and it was found that their efficiency at 85°C for 200 hours was significantly better than that of Comparative Example 1.

[0131] The perovskite solar cells obtained in Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Example 1 were tested using a simulated light source system, and the relevant performance test results are shown in Table 1.

[0132] Table 1 Performance test of perovskite solar cells obtained from Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Example 1

[0133] Battery <![CDATA[Jsc(mA / cm 2 )]]> Voc(V) FF(%) PCE(%) Example 1 23.77 1.14 80.52 21.76 Example 2 23.73 1.13 78.31 20.99 Example 3 23.67 1.13 79.49 21.28 Example 4 23.69 1.13 78.63 21.02 Example 5 23.73 1.13 77.34 20.74 Example 6 23.51 1.13 79.91 21.20 Example 7 23.77 1.13 79.69 21.43 Example 8 23.63 1.13 80.13 21.46 Example 9 23.57 1.13 80.69 21.58 Comparative Example 1 23.71 1.12 77.54 20.59

[0134] As can be seen from Table 1, the filling factor (FF) and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cell embodiment using the sulfurized layer prepared by the present application for surface sulfurization are significantly higher than those of the perovskite solar cell prepared by the method not provided by the embodiment of the present application. Thanks to the surface sulfurization treatment, a low-dimensional perovskite structure is formed on the surface, the defect density is reduced, and the black phase of the perovskite is stabilized, thereby improving the battery performance.

[0135] It can also be seen from Table 1 that the comprehensive performance of the perovskite solar cells of Examples 1-3 is superior to that of Comparative Example 1. It can be seen that based on 1 mL of solvent, the addition amount of the sulfonium salt is preferably 1 mg to 5 mg.

[0136] An embodiment of the present application provides a photovoltaic module (not shown), including at least one battery string, the battery string includes at least two perovskite solar cells of any embodiment, and adjacent perovskite solar cells can be connected together by series welding.

[0137] The embodiment of the present application can provide a photovoltaic system, including the photovoltaic components in the above embodiment. The advantages of the above photovoltaic components are also possessed by the photovoltaic system, which will not be repeated here. The above photovoltaic system has a wide range of applications, not only limited to photovoltaic power stations, such as ground power stations, rooftop power stations and water power stations, but also includes various equipment and devices that use solar energy to generate electricity, such as user solar power supplies, solar street lights, solar cars and solar buildings. Of course, it can be understood that the application scenarios of the photovoltaic system are not limited to this, that is to say, the photovoltaic system can be used in all fields where solar energy is required for power generation. Taking the photovoltaic power generation system network as an example, the photovoltaic system may include a photovoltaic array, a junction box and an inverter. The photovoltaic array may be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic components. For example, multiple photovoltaic components can form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic array is connected to the junction box. The junction box can converge the current generated by the photovoltaic array. The converged current flows through the inverter and is converted into the alternating current required by the mains power grid and then connected to the mains network to realize solar power supply.

[0138] It should be noted that the terms "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc. are only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present application. The orientation words "inside" and "outside" refer to the inside and outside relative to the outline of each component itself. For example, if the device in the accompanying drawings is inverted, the device described as "above other devices or structures" or "above other devices or structures" will be positioned as "below other devices or structures" or "below other devices or structures". Therefore, the exemplary term "above..." can include both "above..." and "below..." orientations. The device can also be positioned in other different ways (rotated 90 degrees or in other orientations), and the spatial relative descriptions used here are interpreted accordingly.

[0139] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the specification and claims of the present application and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects, and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the terms used in this way can be interchangeable where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present application described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein, for example. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any of their variations are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, for example, a process, method, system, product or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units that are clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0140] It should also be noted that "one embodiment", "another embodiment", "embodiment", etc. mentioned in this application refer to the specific features, structures or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment included in at least one embodiment generally described in this application. The same expression appearing in multiple places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Further, when describing a specific feature, structure or characteristic in conjunction with any embodiment, it is claimed that the realization of such feature, structure or characteristic in conjunction with other embodiments also falls within the scope of this application.

[0141] In the above embodiments, the description of each embodiment has its own emphasis. For parts that are not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference can be made to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0142] It should also be noted that the above are only preferred embodiments of the present application, and the patent protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation made using the contents of the present application specification and drawings, or directly or indirectly used in other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that: The perovskite solar cell comprises a perovskite absorption layer and a sulfide layer which are stacked; The material of the sulfide layer includes a sulfonium salt organic compound, wherein the cation of the sulfonium salt organic compound has a structure of formula (I): In formula (I), R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and are independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C7-C10 phenylalkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and R1, R2 and R3 are connected to the S atom in a single bond manner; The substituted substituents are independently selected from any one of methyl, tert-butyl, halogen, cyano or nitro.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from any one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl group and a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that The anion of the sulfonium salt organic compound is selected from any one of a halogen ion, a sulfonate ion, a benzenesulfonate ion, a thiocyanate ion, a tetrafluoroborate ion, a hexafluorophosphate ion, a trifluoromethanesulfonate ion, a formate ion or an acetate ion.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that: The perovskite absorption layer material is an ABX3 type perovskite material; Wherein: A ion is any one of cesium ion, rubidium ion, potassium ion, methylamine ion, formamidine ion, methylenediamine ion, benzamidine cation, guanidinium cation, or a combination of at least two thereof; B ion is divalent lead ion and / or divalent tin ion; X ion is any one of fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, formate ion, or acetate ion, or a combination of at least two thereof; The thickness of the sulfide layer is 0.1 nm-5 nm, and the thickness of the perovskite absorption layer is 100 nm-10 μm.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The perovskite solar cell also includes a first transmission layer and a second transmission layer; The first transmission layer is located on a side of the perovskite absorption layer away from the sulfide layer, and the second transmission layer is located on a side of the sulfide layer away from the perovskite absorption layer; Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer; When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that: The perovskite solar cell further includes a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer; The first electrode layer is located on a side of the first transmission layer away from the perovskite absorption layer, and the second electrode layer is located on a side of the second transmission layer away from the sulfide layer; Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer; When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

7. A method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: include: A sulfonium salt solution is coated on one surface of the perovskite absorption layer to form a sulfide layer; The solute of the sulfonium salt solution is an organic sulfonium salt, and the solvent is any one of chlorobenzene, chloroform, isopropanol, toluene or ethyl acetate, or a combination of at least two of them.

8. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that: In the sulfonium salt solution, the concentration of the sulfonium salt organic matter is 0.1 mg / mL-5 mg / mL.

9. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that: The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell comprises: forming a first transmission layer, a perovskite absorption layer, a sulfide layer, a second absorption layer and a second electrode layer in sequence on a surface of one side of a first electrode layer; Wherein, when the first transport layer is an electron transport layer, the second transport layer is a hole transport layer; When the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer.

10. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that: The photovoltaic module comprises a plurality of perovskite solar cells connected in series and / or in parallel; wherein at least one perovskite solar cell is the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

11. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that: The photovoltaic system comprises the photovoltaic module according to claim 10.

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