Feeding method for improving milk fat percentage of lactating donkeys

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of livestock breeding, and discloses a feeding method for improving the milk fat percentage of a lactating donkey. The invention relates to a feeding method for improving the milk-fat percentage of a lactating donkey. The feeding method comprises the following steps: feeding the lactating donkey with a feed which has a specific nutrient level and a nutrient substance ratio and is used for improving the milk-fat percentage of the lactating donkey, wherein the nutritional levels of the feed for improving the milk fat rate of the lactating donkey are as follows: the digestible energy is 12 + / -0.5 MJ / kg, the crude protein is 120 + / -6g / kg, and the crude fat content is 60 + / -5g / kg; the ratio of nutrients is as follows: the ratio of crude nutrients to refined nutrients is (50-60): (40-50), and NDF / NFC is 2.2 + / -0.2. According to the feeding method for improving the milk fat percentage of the lactating donkeys, under the condition that the protein level of the feed is proper, the scheme of increasing the lipid and the NDF in the feed is adopted in a combined mode, synthesis of milk fat of the lactating donkeys is promoted, and the milk fat percentage of the lactating donkeys is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of animal husbandry, and in particular to a breeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys. Background Art

[0002] Donkey milk is low in cholesterol, fat, high in unsaturated fatty acids and whey protein. It has high nutritional value and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant medicinal value. The nutritional composition of donkey milk is very similar to that of breast milk, so donkey milk is considered to be the best substitute for breast milk.

[0003] Milk fat is an important indicator for measuring milk quality. Compared with other dairy animals, the milk fat content of donkey milk is low and variable (0.3% to 1.8%). Therefore, when donkey milk is processed into dairy products, the fat content of the dairy products is difficult to maintain stable, resulting in changes in the taste of dairy products and a decline in commercial donkey milk sales. Therefore, improving the milk fat rate of donkey milk in a reasonable way is of great significance to the development of the donkey milk industry.

[0004] Donkey mammary epithelial cells are the main site for milk fat synthesis. Donkey milk fat is mainly composed of triglycerides, accounting for more than 90%; fatty acids (FA), the main component of triglycerides, have two main sources in the donkey mammary gland: direct intake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in the blood and de novo synthesis of lipogenesis precursors (mainly acetate and butyrate); in the donkey's body, lipids and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) are chemically or enzymatically digested in the foregut, absorbed into the blood and absorbed by tissues, while fibrous carbohydrates (NDF) are fermented in the hindgut to produce volatile fatty acids (VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate), which are transported to the blood and used by organs and tissues such as the mammary gland.

[0005] The factors that affect the synthesis of donkey milk fat mainly include genetics, management, environment, season, physiology and diet. In addition to genetic factors, diet is the most important factor affecting the synthesis of donkey milk fat. The diet includes a variety of nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. These nutrients will affect the production of long-chain fatty acids and lipogenesis precursors in the donkey's blood, thereby affecting the synthesis of milk fat in the donkey's mammary gland. Therefore, reasonable adjustment of the nutritional component of the diet is expected to increase the fat rate of donkey milk. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys. The feeding method, while ensuring an appropriate protein level in the feed, jointly adopts a scheme of increasing lipids and NDF in the feed to promote the synthesis of milk fat in the lactating donkeys and achieve an increase in the milk fat rate of the lactating donkeys.

[0007] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0008] A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of a lactating donkey comprises the following steps:

[0009] Lactating donkeys are fed a diet with a specific nutritional level and nutrient ratio that increases the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys.

[0010] Furthermore, the nutritional level of the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: digestible energy 12±0.5MJ / kg, crude protein 120±6g / kg, and crude fat 60±5g / kg.

[0011] Furthermore, the nutrient ratio of the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: crude to fine ratio (50-60): (40-50), NDF / NFC (fibrous carbohydrates / non-fibrous carbohydrates) 2.2±0.2.

[0012] Furthermore, the concentrate and roughage in the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys are both plant-derived raw materials, and the types are not limited, and all non-toxic and harmless feeds that meet the requirements of relevant laws and regulations can be used.

[0013] Preferably, the concentrate in the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys includes corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, vegetable fat powder and premix.

[0014] Preferably, the coarse materials in the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys include wheat straw, alfalfa and corn silage.

[0015] Furthermore, the total daily feeding amount of the feeding is 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey.

[0016] Furthermore, the feeding frequency is 2 to 3 times a day, and the single feeding amount is distributed in equal amounts according to the total daily feeding amount.

[0017] Furthermore, the feeding method is coarse feeding first and then fine feeding, fine feeding first and then coarse feeding or full mixed feeding.

[0018] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0019] The present invention provides a feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys, wherein the estimated milk production in 24 hours can reach 4.0 kg / d, the milk fat rate can reach 4.0 g / kg, and the milk fat rate can be increased by more than 10%;

[0020] The feeding method for increasing the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys provided by the present invention can increase the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat, improve the quality of donkey milk, and benefit the health of consumers;

[0021] The feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys provided by the present invention has no significant effect on the milk protein, non-fat solids and lactose content in donkey milk, and will not reduce the quality of donkey milk;

[0022] The feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys provided by the present invention can improve the apparent digestibility of crude fat and neutral detergent fiber of lactating donkeys without affecting the apparent digestibility of other nutrients, promote the digestion of crude fat and neutral detergent fiber in feed, and improve feed utilization rate as a whole;

[0023] The present invention adopts a scheme of increasing lipid and NDF in the feed in combination, and by changing the content of lipid and carbohydrate in the nutritional components while ensuring an appropriate level of protein in the feed, directly regulating with lipid or indirectly regulating with carbohydrate through hindgut fermentation, promotes the synthesis of milk fat in lactating donkeys, thereby achieving an increase in the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] Now, various exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail, and this detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, characteristics and embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing specific embodiments and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0025] In addition, for the numerical range in the present invention, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between the intermediate value in any stated value or stated range and any other stated value or intermediate value in the range is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded in the scope.

[0026] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of a conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0027] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments of the present invention description without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Other embodiments derived from the present invention description will be apparent to the skilled artisan. The present invention description and examples are exemplary only.

[0028] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0029] In the following examples and comparative examples, all the raw materials used were commercially available.

[0030] In the following embodiment, a feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of a lactating donkey comprises the following steps: feeding the lactating donkey with a feed having a specific nutritional level and a nutrient ratio for improving the milk fat rate of the lactating donkey;

[0031] Among them, the nutritional level of the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: digestible energy 12±0.5MJ / kg, crude protein 120±6g / kg, crude fat 60±5g / kg;

[0032] Among them, the nutrient ratio of the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: crude to fine ratio (50-60): (40-50), NDF / NFC (fibrous carbohydrates / non-fibrous carbohydrates) 2.2±0.2;

[0033] Among them, the concentrate and roughage in the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys are all plant-derived raw materials, and the types are not limited. Any non-toxic and harmless feed that meets the requirements of relevant laws and regulations can be used;

[0034] Among them, concentrate feed includes corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, vegetable fat powder and premix;

[0035] Among them, roughage includes various common roughages such as wheat straw, alfalfa, and corn silage;

[0036] Those skilled in the art can prepare the feed according to the actual situation, and as long as the specific nutritional level and nutrient ratio are met, the feed can be applied to the breeding method provided in the present invention;

[0037] Among them, the total daily feeding amount is 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey.

[0038] Among them, the feeding frequency is 2 to 3 times a day, and the single feeding amount is distributed in equal amounts according to the total daily feeding amount.

[0039] Among them, the feeding methods are coarse feed first and then fine feed, fine feed first and then coarse feed, or full mixed feeding.

[0040] Example

[0041] Preparation of feed for improving milk fat content in lactating donkeys

[0042] According to the diet composition recorded in Table 1, coarse feed (including wheat straw and corn silage) and concentrate feed (including corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, defective dates, vegetable fat powder (palm oil), and premix) were mixed separately to obtain diet I for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys, with a coarse-to-concentrate ratio of 54.5:45.5.

[0043] Table 1 Diet composition

[0044]

[0045] The nutritional level of the feed I for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys prepared in the example was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 2;

[0046] Table 2 Nutritional levels of feed

[0047]

[0048] The fatty acid content of the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys prepared in the embodiment was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 3;

[0049] Table 3 Fatty acid content of feed

[0050]

[0051]

[0052] Comparative Example

[0053] Preparation of feed

[0054] According to the diet composition recorded in Table 4, coarse feed (including wheat straw, alfalfa, corn silage) and concentrate (including corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, defective dates, vegetable fat powder (palm oil), premix) were mixed to obtain diets III and V, with the coarse to concentrate ratios of 47:53 and 29:71, respectively.

[0055] Table 4 Diet composition

[0056]

[0057] The nutritional levels of the diets III and V prepared in the comparative example were tested, and the test results are shown in Table 5;

[0058] Table 5 Nutritional levels of feed

[0059]

[0060] The fatty acid content of the feeds III and V prepared in the comparative example was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 6;

[0061] Table 6 Fatty acid content of feed

[0062]

[0063]

[0064] Effect verification

[0065] 1. Selection and grouping of lactating donkeys

[0066] Twenty-four lactating donkeys aged 5±2 years, weighing 200±50kg, parity ≥2, and lactation days 30±5 days were selected and randomly divided into three groups, 8 in each group;

[0067] 2. Experimental breeding

[0068] Lactating donkeys in the same group need to be kept in the same pen, tied up individually for feeding, and foals and lactating donkeys should be raised separately during the day (08:00-20:00). Foals and lactating donkeys should be mixed at night (20:00-8:00 the next day) to maintain the continuous lactation ability of the lactating donkeys.

[0069] During the trial, the daily feeding time was 08:00 and 18:00, and the total daily feeding amount was 3.75% of the body weight of the lactating donkeys. The single feeding amount was distributed in equal amounts according to the total daily feeding amount, and the donkeys were fed coarse feed first and then fine feed. They were given free access to water.

[0070] Group I: Feeding diet I for improving milk fat rate of lactating donkeys prepared in Example;

[0071] Group III: fed with diet III prepared in the control ratio;

[0072] Group V: fed with diet V prepared according to the comparative ratio;

[0073] 3. Feed intake

[0074] The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The leftover feed was collected and weighed after morning feeding on day 0 (1 day before the start of the experiment), day 30, and day 56 of the experiment. The average feed intake (DMI) for 8 weeks was calculated according to the following formula. The feed intake calculation results are shown in Table 7.

[0075] DM I = average feed mass - average residual mass;

[0076] Table 7 Feed intake / kg

[0077]

[0078] From the data in Table 7, it can be seen that there was no significant difference in the average feed intake among Group Ⅰ, Group Ⅲ and Group Ⅴ (P>0.05);

[0079] Therefore, the digestible energy of the feed was controlled at 12±0.5MJ / kg, the crude protein was controlled at 120±6g / kg, the crude fat was controlled at 60±5g / kg, the crude to concentrate ratio was controlled at (50-60):(40-50), the NDF / NFC was controlled at 2.2±0.2, and the total daily feed amount was controlled at 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey, which did not affect the feed intake of the lactating donkey.

[0080] 4. Weight gain

[0081] The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The lactating donkeys in each group were weighed on an empty stomach before morning feeding on day 0 (one day before the experiment) and day 56, and the body weight gain (BWG) was calculated according to the following formula. The results of body weight gain calculation are shown in Table 8.

[0082] BWG = final body weight - initial body weight;

[0083] Table 8 Body weight gain / kg

[0084]

[0085] From the data in Table 8, it can be seen that there was no significant difference in the body weight gain of lactating donkeys among the groups within 8 weeks of the experiment, but the value of group I was higher;

[0086] Therefore, the digestible energy of the feed is controlled at 12±0.5MJ / kg, the crude protein is controlled at 120±6g / kg, the crude fat is controlled at 60±5g / kg, the crude to concentrate ratio is controlled at (50-60):(40-50), the NDF / NFC is controlled at 2.2±0.2, and the total daily feed amount is controlled at 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey, which has the effect of increasing the body weight of the lactating donkey.

[0087] 5. Apparent digestibility of each nutrient in the diet

[0088] During the last 7 days of the experiment, rectal feces were collected twice a day at 9:00 and 16:00, with no less than 50 g collected each time. 10% of the weight of the collected feces was added with 10% dilute sulfuric acid and then stored in a refrigerator at -20°C for later use;

[0089] Referring to the detection method described in "Feed Analysis and Feed Quality Testing Technology" (Edited by Zhang Liying), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in different groups of feed and fecal samples were measured and the apparent digestibility of each nutrient was calculated. The results are shown in Table 9;

[0090] Table 9 Apparent digestibility of nutrients

[0091]

[0092] From the data in Table 9, we can see that the EE digestibility of groups I and III was significantly higher than that of group V (P<0.05); the NDF digestibility of group I was significantly higher than that of group V (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in CP digestibility and ADF digestibility among the groups;

[0093] Therefore, controlling the digestible energy of the diet at 12±0.5MJ / kg, crude protein at 120±6g / kg, crude fat at 60±5g / kg, crude to concentrate ratio at (50-60): (40-50), NDF / NFC at 2.2±0.2, and total daily feed intake at 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of lactating donkeys can effectively improve the apparent digestibility of EE and NDF nutrients in lactating donkeys without affecting the digestibility of CP and ADF.

[0094] 6. Milk production performance

[0095] On the 0th day of the experiment (the day before the start of the experiment), and on the first day of each week during the 8-week experimental period, the lactating donkeys and donkey foals were separated at 08:00, and the HL-G1 pulsating milking machine was used for the first milking at 12:00, with a single head tied and isolated. The HL-G1 pulsating milking machine was used for the second milking at 16:00, and the actual milk production was obtained by weighing. The 24-hour estimated milk production was calculated according to the following formula, with the average value of 9 measurement results as the calculation results, as shown in Table 10;

[0096] The milk production described below is an estimate of 24h milk production unless otherwise specified;

[0097] 24h estimated milk production [kg / (d·head)] = actual milk production / isolation time × 24h;

[0098] 25 mL of donkey milk obtained from the first and second milkings were taken and mixed in a centrifuge tube and stored at 4°C. The milk component content was determined using a calibrated UL80BC-11 milk component analyzer on the day of milking. The milk components included milk fat, milk protein, non-fat solids, lactose and milk ash. The results of the milk component content determination are shown in Table 10.

[0099] Table 10 Milk production performance

[0100]

[0101] From the data in Table 10, we can see that the daily milk production of Group I, Group III and Group V is 4.10-4.33 kg; the milk fat content of Group I is significantly higher than that of the other two groups (P<0.05); the milk protein content and non-fat solid content of Group III are the highest and significantly higher than those of Group V (P<0.05), but there is no significant difference with Group I; the lactose content of Group III is the highest, which is significantly higher than that of Group I and Group V (P<0.05), and the lactose content of Group I is significantly higher than that of Group V (P<0.05);

[0102] Therefore, controlling the digestible energy of the feed at 12±0.5MJ / kg, the crude protein at 120±6g / kg, the crude fat at 60±5g / kg, the crude to concentrate ratio at (50-60):(40-50), the NDF / NFC at 2.2±0.2, and the total daily feed amount at 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey can effectively increase the milk fat content of the lactating donkey without significantly affecting the milk protein, non-fat solids and lactose content.

[0103] 7. Fatty acid content in milk

[0104] On the 50th day of the experiment, the lactating donkeys and donkey foals were separated at 08:00, and the HL-G1 pulsating milking machine was used for the first milking at 12:00, and the donkeys were isolated by tying a single head. The HL-G1 pulsating milking machine was used for the second milking at 16:00. 25 mL of donkey milk obtained from the first and second milking of groups I, III, and IV were taken in centrifuge tubes, mixed, and stored at -20°C. The fatty acid content in the milk was tested, and the test results are shown in Tables 11 to 13.

[0105] Table 11 Saturated fatty acid content

[0106]

[0107] From the data in Table 11, we can see that the only saturated fatty acids with significant differences among the three groups are C6:0 and C17:0. The C6:0 in group I was significantly higher than that in group III (P<0.05). The C17:0 content in group V was the highest and significantly higher than that in group III (P<0.05).

[0108] Table 7 Unsaturated fatty acids

[0109]

[0110] As shown in Table 7, the unsaturated fatty acids with significant differences among the three groups were C18:1n9 trans, C20:1, C18:2n6 trans, C18:2n6 cis and C18:3n3; among them, the content of C18:3n3 in group I was the highest and significantly higher than that in group III (P<0.05), the content of C18:2n6 cis was the highest in group I, significantly higher than that in groups III and V (P<0.05), and the contents of C20:1, C18:2n6trans and C18:1n9 trans were the highest in group V and significantly higher than those in groups I and III (P<0.05);

[0111] Table 8 Different types of fatty acids

[0112]

[0113] As can be seen from Table 8, in terms of FA type, the MUFA content of group V was significantly higher than that of groups I and III (P<0.05), while the PUFA, n-3PUFA, n-6PUFA, and PUFA / SFA contents of group I were significantly higher than those of group V (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in the other indicators.

[0114] Therefore, controlling the digestible energy of the feed at 12±0.5 MJ / kg, the crude protein at 120±6 g / kg, the crude fat at 60±5 g / kg, the crude to concentrate ratio at (50-60):(40-50), the NDF / NFC at 2.2±0.2, and the total daily feed amount at 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey can increase the PUFA, n-3PUFA, n-6PUFA, and PUFA / SFA in donkey milk, which is beneficial to improving the quality of donkey milk and the health of consumers.

[0115] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, ordinary technicians in the relevant field should understand that the specific implementation methods of the present invention can still be modified or replaced by equivalents. Any modification or equivalent replacement that does not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for raising donkeys to improve their milk fat content, characterized in that: The feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of a lactating donkey comprises the following steps: feeding the lactating donkey with a feed having a specific nutritional level and a nutrient ratio and improving the milk fat rate of the lactating donkey.

2. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nutritional level of the diet for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: digestible energy 12±0.5 MJ / kg, crude protein 120±6 g / kg, and crude fat 60±5 g / kg.

3. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nutrient ratio of the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys is: crude to fine ratio (50-60): (40-50), NDF / NFC 2.2±0.

2.

4. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The concentrate and roughage in the feed for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys are both raw materials of plant origin.

5. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The total daily feeding amount of the feeding was 3.5%±0.5% of the body weight of the lactating donkey.

6. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The feeding frequency is 2 to 3 times per day, and the single feeding amount is distributed in equal amounts according to the total daily feeding amount.

7. A feeding method for improving the milk fat rate of lactating donkeys according to claim 1, characterized in that: The feeding method is coarse feeding first and then fine feeding, fine feeding first and then coarse feeding or full mixed feeding.

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