Box pressing device of box filling machine

By setting a pressing plate extending along the length of the rocking cover on the first chain group of the boxer and setting a pressing block on the third chain group, the problem that the boxer cannot effectively press the box and rocking cover is achieved. The firm bonding of the box and higher production efficiency improve the safety and integrity of the product.

CN222272538UActive Publication Date: 2024-12-31INNER MONGOLIA YILI IND GROUP CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202421176518.6
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Utility models(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2024-05-27
Publication Date
2024-12-31
Estimated Expiration
2034-05-27

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

The boxing machine cannot effectively press the bonding position between the box and the rocking cover, resulting in breaking or sticking during the solidification process, affecting the quality and production efficiency of the box.

Method used

Design a box pressing device for a box packing machine, including an upper circulation chain group and a lower conveying chain group. By providing a pressing plate on the first chain group, it extends to both sides of the rocking cover in the length direction of the rocking cover. , ensure that the free end of the rocking cover is pressed in the conveying channel, provide pressing board and box plate to ensure that the side wall of the box is perpendicular to the rocking cover, avoid misalignment, and toggle the rocking cover by pressing blocks on the third chain group There is a pressure cooperation between the two sides.

Benefits of technology

It effectively avoids breakage and false sticking of hot melt adhesive, improves the overall strength and stability of the box, prevents damage or scattering of products during transportation and handling, and provides a stronger and safer packaging experience.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The utility model provides a box body pressing device of a box filling machine, which comprises an upper circulating chain group, a lower circulating chain group, a lower circulating chain group and a pressing plate, the lower conveying chain group is arranged below the upper circulating chain group, the lower conveying chain group is provided with a second chain group used for fixing and conveying a box body, and a conveying channel is formed between the first chain group and the second chain group; wherein the box body is provided with a box body and a rocking cover connected with the box body, the pressing plate can extend to the edges of the two sides of the rocking cover in the length direction of the rocking cover, and when the box body runs in the conveying channel, the pressing plate can be arranged at the free end of the rocking cover in a pressing mode so that the free end of the rocking cover can be bonded with the box body. According to the box filling machine, the problem that an existing box filling machine cannot effectively press the bonding position of the box body and the swing cover can be solved, and hot melt adhesive cannot be broken or virtually bonded in the pressing and bonding process of the box body.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of box packaging equipment, in particular to a box pressing device of a box packing machine. Background Art

[0002] The cartoning machine is mainly used for the forming and conveying of boxes. The equipment consists of two stations, upper and lower. Through the coordinated action of the station chain and the clamping claws, the boxes are accurately formed and conveyed. During the conveying process, the product boxes are automatically formed and sealed between the upper and lower stations after the hot melt adhesive is sprayed, so as to realize the bonding and forming of the boxes.

[0003] However, in actual production, since the upper workstation clamping blocks are respectively located on both sides of the box body, the gap between the two sets of clamping blocks is large and hollow, and the box supporting plate (located on the upper workstation chain) between the two sets of clamping blocks is short in length and cannot cover the entire rocker cover on the top of the box body in the length direction of the box body. Therefore, the top rocker cover cannot be pressed, which causes the hot melt adhesive at the bonding position of the rocker cover and the box body to break or become falsely adhered during the curing process, affecting the overall quality and production efficiency of the box body. Utility Model Content

[0004] The utility model aims to provide a box pressing device for a box packing machine, so as to solve the problem that the current box packing machine cannot effectively press the bonding position of the box body and the swing cover, so that the hot melt adhesive will not break or be falsely bonded during the pressing and bonding process of the box body.

[0005] The above technical objectives of the utility model are mainly achieved by the following technical solutions:

[0006] The utility model provides a box pressing device for a box packing machine, which comprises:

[0007] The upper circulating chain group comprises a first chain group, wherein a pressing plate is provided on the first chain group;

[0008] A lower conveying chain group is arranged below the upper circulating chain group, the lower conveying chain group has a second chain group for fixing and conveying the box body, and a conveying channel is formed between the first chain group and the second chain group;

[0009] Wherein, the box body has a box body and a swing cover connected to the box body. Along the length direction of the swing cover, the pressing plate can extend to the two side edges of the swing cover. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the pressing plate can be pressed on the free end of the swing cover to bond the swing cover to the box body.

[0010] The box pressing device of the cartoning machine described in the utility model is provided with a pressing plate on the first chain group located on the upper side of the box. The pressing plate can generate a certain pressing force on all bonding positions on the swing cover during the box bonding and packaging process, so that the swing cover is firmly bonded to the box body through hot melt adhesive, avoiding quality risks caused by debonding.

[0011] The box pressing device of the case packing machine described in the utility model can eliminate the problem of box debonding by optimizing the design of the corresponding pressing device during the closing process, and the overall strength and stability of the box will be significantly improved; the firm glue point adhesion can also effectively prevent the product from being damaged or scattered during transportation and handling, further improving the safety and integrity of the product, making the product packaging more solid and safe. The boxes produced by the above equipment have better quality, bringing consumers a more high-quality and stable packaging experience.

[0012] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pressing plate is a long steel plate extending along the length direction of the swing cover, and both ends of the long steel plate extend to the two side edges of the swing cover respectively.

[0013] In this embodiment, the pressing plate directly adopts a long steel plate. On the basis of being able to realize the pressing function, the structure is relatively simple, the cost is low, and it will not affect the operation of the case packing machine.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the end surface of the pressing plate that can contact the swing cover is a pressing surface, and the edges of the pressing surface are formed with a rounded structure.

[0015] In this embodiment, the edge of the pressing surface where the pressing plate contacts the swing cover is provided with a corresponding rounded structure to prevent the surface of the swing cover from being scratched when the pressing plate acts on the swing cover.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the utility model, a box supporting plate is also provided on the first chain group, and the box supporting plate is arranged adjacent to the pressing plate. The box supporting plate has two perpendicular supporting surfaces. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the two supporting surfaces are respectively abutted against the swing cover and the side walls of the box body close to the free end of the swing cover.

[0017] In this embodiment, the supporting plate can correct the side wall position of the box body during the packaging process of the box body, so that the side wall and the swing cover are perpendicular to each other, avoiding misalignment between the box body and the swing cover, which in turn leads to loose bonding between the swing cover and the box body.

[0018] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the upper circulation chain group also has a third chain group, which is parallel to the first chain group. The third chain group includes two third chains respectively arranged on both sides of the first chain group, and the third chains are provided with pressure blocks. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the two pressure blocks on the two third chains can be pressed on both sides of the swing cover.

[0019] In this embodiment, the pressure block arranged on the third chain group can exert a certain compression effect on the two side edges of the swing cover during the box body bonding and packaging process, so that it maintains close contact with the box body. It can also play a certain limiting role, thereby avoiding misalignment between the swing cover and the box body.

[0020] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the running direction of the first chain group is the same as the running direction of the third chain group, the running speed of the first chain group is the same as the running speed of the third chain group, and a pressing plate is provided on the first chain group between every two pressing blocks along the running direction perpendicular to the box body.

[0021] In this embodiment, during the pressing process of the box body, two pressing blocks and one pressing plate are pressed on the three sides of the swing cover respectively to ensure that their relative positions will not deflect during the pressing process, while ensuring the firmness of the bonding between the swing cover and the box body.

[0022] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of the pressing plates are spaced apart on the first chain group along the length direction of the first chain group, and a plurality of the pressing blocks are spaced apart on the third chain group along the length direction of the third chain group.

[0023] In this embodiment, the plurality of pressing plates that cooperate with each other and the pressing blocks can realize continuous bonding and packaging operations of the box bodies on the production line.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first chain set includes two first chains arranged in parallel, and the pressing plate is connected to the two first chains.

[0025] In this embodiment, the two parallel first chains can improve the stability of the upper station during operation, and can also improve the stability of the pressing plate during operation.

[0026] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pressing plate is detachably connected to the two first chains by bolts.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pressing plate is a long strip of steel plate made of 304 stainless steel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the utility model or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the utility model. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work. In the drawings:

[0029] The drawings described herein are only for explanation purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. In addition, the shapes and proportional dimensions of the components in the drawings are only for illustration purposes to help understand the present invention, and are not intended to specifically limit the shapes and proportional dimensions of the components of the present invention. Under the guidance of the present invention, those skilled in the art can select various possible shapes and proportional dimensions to implement the present invention according to specific circumstances.

[0030] Figure 1 It is a front view structural schematic diagram of the box pressing device of the box packing machine of the utility model;

[0031] Figure 2 for Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure in the middle MM direction;

[0032] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the state structure of the box before it enters the box pressing device.

[0033] Description of reference numerals:

[0034] A. Upper circulation chain group; B. Lower conveying chain group; C. Conveying channel;

[0035] 10. First chain group; 11. First chain; 12. Pressing plate; 13. Box support plate;

[0036] 20. Second chain set; 21. Second chain;

[0037] 30. The third chain group; 31. The third chain; 32. The pressing block;

[0038] 40. Box body; 41. Box body; 42. Swing cover; 43. Adhesive strip. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions in the present invention, the following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0040] It should be noted that when an element is referred to as being "disposed on" another element, it may be directly on the other element or there may be a central element. When an element is considered to be "connected to" another element, it may be directly connected to the other element or there may be a central element at the same time. The terms "vertical", "horizontal", "left", "right" and similar expressions used herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be the only embodiment.

[0041] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art in the technical field of the present invention. The terms used herein in the specification of the present invention are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. The term "and / or" used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more related listed items.

[0042] like Figures 1 to 3 As shown, the utility model provides a box pressing device of a case packing machine, which includes: an upper circulating chain group A, having a first chain group 10, on which a pressing plate 12 is provided; a lower conveying chain group B, which is arranged below the upper circulating chain group A, and the lower conveying chain group B has a second chain group 20 for fixing and conveying a box 40, and a conveying channel C is formed between the first chain group 10 and the second chain group 20; wherein, the box 40 has a box body 41 and a swing cover 42 connected to the box body 41, and along the length direction of the swing cover 42, the pressing plate 12 can extend to the two side edges of the swing cover 42, and when the box 40 is running in the conveying channel C, the pressing plate 12 can be pressed on the free end of the swing cover 42 to make it bonded to the box body 41.

[0043] The box pressing device of the cartoning machine described in the present invention is provided with a pressing plate 12 on the first chain group 10 located on the upper side of the box 40. The pressing plate 12 can generate a certain pressing force on all bonding positions on the swing cover 42 during the bonding and packaging process of the box 40, so that the swing cover 42 is firmly bonded to the box body 41 through hot melt adhesive, avoiding quality risks caused by debonding.

[0044] The box pressing device of the packing machine described in the utility model can eliminate the problem of the box 40 being debonded after packaging by optimizing the design of the corresponding pressing device during the covering process, and the overall strength and stability of the box 40 will be significantly improved; the firm glue point adhesion formed by the improved pressing device can also effectively prevent the product from being damaged or scattered during transportation and handling, further improving the safety and integrity of the product, making the product packaging more solid and safe. The box 40 produced by the above equipment has better quality, bringing consumers a more high-quality and stable packaging experience.

[0045] The following will describe in detail the various structures of the box pressing device of the box packing machine of the present invention and the positional relationship and connection relationship between the various structures.

[0046] First, if Figure 3 As shown, the box pressing device is used to produce a box 40 having a box body 41 and a swing cover 42. The box 40 is usually a cubic shell made of paper. The box body 41 is a paper trough with an opening at the top, in which the product is placed. A swing cover 42 capable of closing the opening is connected to one side wall of the box body. The swing cover 42 can be bonded to the adhesive strip 43 on the box body 41 by bonding, thereby closing the box body 41 and completing the packaging operation on the top of the box 40. The box pressing device described in the utility model is mainly used for the bonding and packaging process of the adhesive strip 43 on the box body 41 and the swing cover 42.

[0047] Secondly, if Figure 1 As shown, the box pressing device mainly includes an upper circulation chain group A and a lower conveying chain group B which are relatively arranged in an upper and lower direction, and a conveying channel C is formed between the upper circulation chain group A and the lower conveying chain group B. The box 40 is continuously conveyed forward in the conveying channel C, and during the conveying process, the upper circulation chain group A and the lower conveying chain group B cooperate to achieve stable bonding between the swing cover 42 and the box body 41.

[0048] Further, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the lower conveying chain group B has a second chain group 20, and the second chain group 20 has a plurality of second chains 21 arranged in parallel. The size and running speed of the plurality of second chains 21 are the same. The box 40 is fixed on the plurality of second chains 21 and can be conveyed forward in the conveying channel C under the drive of the plurality of second chains 21; the arrangement of the plurality of second chains 21 can improve the stability of the box 40 during the conveying process. In this embodiment, as Figure 1 As shown, three second chains 21 are arranged below the box body 40; the number of the second chains 21 can be set according to actual needs and is not specifically limited here.

[0049] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the upper circulating chain group A has a first chain group 10, and the first chain group 10 has a plurality of first chains 11 arranged in parallel, and the plurality of first chains 11 have the same size and running speed, and a pressing plate 12 is provided on the plurality of first chains 11, and the pressing plate 12 can run with the first chains 11; the plurality of first chains 11 can improve the stability of the first chain group 10 during operation, and can also improve the stability of the pressure applied to the swing cover 42 by the pressing plate 12 during operation. In this embodiment, as Figure 1 As shown, two first chains 11 are arranged above the box body 40; the number of the first chains 11 can be set according to actual needs and is not specifically limited here.

[0050] Furthermore, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the pressing plate 12 is a long steel plate extending along the length direction of the swing cover 42, and the two ends of the long steel plate extend to the two side edges of the swing cover 42 respectively; the pressing plate 12 is made of 304 stainless steel. On the basis of being able to realize the pressing function, the pressing plate has a relatively simple structure, low cost, and will not affect the operation of the case packing machine. Bolt connection holes are opened at the positions of the two first chains 11 corresponding to the pressing plate 12, and the pressing plate 12 is detachably connected to the two first chains 11 by bolts.

[0051] When the box body 40 is pressed, first, Figure 3 As shown, at this time, the swing cover 42 of the box body 40 is not bonded to the box body 41. As the box body 40 moves forward, in the conveying channel C, the swing cover 42 is gradually pressed toward the box body 41 under the action of the upper first chain group 10 to close the top opening; when the swing cover 42 rotates to completely cover the box body 41 during the forward movement, as shown in FIG. Figure 2 As shown, at this time, the pressing plate 12 can just be pressed on the other end (free end) of the swing cover 42 away from the end connected to the box body 41, and the free end of the swing cover 42 can be fitted with a section of adhesive strip 43 on the side wall of the box body 40. The adhesive strip 43 is pre-sprayed or coated with hot melt adhesive on the side facing the swing cover 42. Under the action of the pressing plate 12, the swing cover 42 can achieve the closure of the box body 41 by bonding with the adhesive strip 43. And the pressing plate 12 is extended along the length direction of the swing cover 42 (the length direction of the adhesive strip 43) and can extend to the two side edges of the swing cover 42, that is, the pressing plate 12 can generate a pressing force on the entire bonding range of the swing cover 42, so that it can be stably connected with the adhesive strip 43, avoiding the situation that the bonding is not firm at some positions due to insufficient downward pressing range.

[0052] The structure of the preferred embodiment of the box pressing device of the case packing machine of the utility model and the technical effects that can be brought about will be further described below.

[0053] According to one embodiment of the present utility model, Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the end surface of the pressing plate 12 that can contact the swing cover 42 is the pressing surface, and the edges of the pressing surface are formed with a rounded structure. The edges of the pressing surface where the pressing plate 12 contacts the swing cover 42 are provided with corresponding rounded structures to avoid scratching the surface of the swing cover 42 when the pressing plate 12 acts on the swing cover 42.

[0054] According to one embodiment of the present utility model, Figures 1 to 3 As shown, a box supporting plate 13 is also provided on the first chain group 10. The box supporting plate 13 is arranged adjacent to the pressing plate 12. The box supporting plate 13 has two perpendicular supporting surfaces. When the box body 40 is running in the conveying channel C, the two supporting surfaces are respectively abutted against the side walls of the rocker cover 42 and the free end of the box body 41 close to the rocker cover 42.

[0055] The supporting plate 13 can correct the side wall position of the box body 40 during the packaging process of the box body 40, so that the side wall and the swing cover 42 are perpendicular to each other, avoiding misalignment between the box body 41 and the swing cover 42, which in turn causes a loose bond between the swing cover 42 and the box body 41.

[0056] Specifically, the box support plate 13 is a steel plate with an L-shaped cross section, which is detachably fixed to the two first chains 11 by bolts, and is disposed adjacent to the pressing plate 12. The box support plate 13 includes two vertically stabilizing walls, and the inner side surfaces of the two vertically stabilizing walls respectively form the above-mentioned two stabilizing surfaces. Figure 2 As shown, the box supporting plate 13 can straighten the right angle formed at the bonding position of the box body 41 and the swing cover 42 when the swing cover 42 is rotated to completely cover the box body 41, so as to avoid misalignment between the box body 41 and the swing cover 42. The box supporting plate 13 is a conventional structure provided on the case packing machine for straightening the box body 40 at the right angle position, and the structure and function of the box supporting plate 13 will not be described in more detail here.

[0057] According to one embodiment of the present utility model, Figure 1 As shown, the upper circulating chain group A also has a third chain group 30, which is parallel to the first chain group 10. The third chain group 30 includes two third chains 31 respectively arranged on both sides of the first chain group 10, and the third chains 31 are provided with pressure blocks 32. When the box body 40 is running in the conveying channel C, the two pressure blocks 32 on the two third chains 31 can be pressed on both sides of the swing cover 42.

[0058] The pressing block 32 arranged on the third chain group 30 can generate a certain pressing force on the two sides of the swing cover 42 during the bonding and packaging process of the box body 40, so that it maintains close contact with the box body 41, thereby avoiding misalignment between the swing cover 42 and the box body 41.

[0059] Specifically, Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, one long side of the swing cover 42 is connected to the box body 41, and the other long side (free end) and two short sides thereof need to be connected to the box body 41 by bonding or other means, and during the packaging process of the box body 40, it is necessary to ensure that the long side and two side sides can be aligned with the corresponding side walls on the box body 40, and no misalignment can occur. Among them, the long side of the swing cover 42 can be straightened and limited by the action of the pressing plate 12 and the box supporting plate 13; therefore, in order to limit the two side sides of the swing cover 42, a third chain group 30 is arranged outside the first chain group 10, and the two third chains 31 in the third chain group 30 are respectively located outside the two first chains 11, and the two third chains 31 are respectively arranged near the two sides of the swing cover 42; a pressing block 32 is arranged on the third chain 31, and the pressing block 32 is extended along the width direction of the box supporting plate 13. When the swing cover 42 is rotated to completely cover the box body 41 , the pressing blocks 32 can be pressed on both sides of the swing cover 42 , so that the swing cover 42 and the box body 41 fit tightly.

[0060] According to an embodiment of the utility model, the running direction of the first chain set 10 is the same as the running direction of the third chain set 30, and the running speed of the first chain set 10 is the same as the running speed of the third chain set 30; along the running direction perpendicular to the box body 40, a pressing plate 12 is provided at the corresponding position of the first chain set 10 between every two pressing blocks 32. During the pressing operation of the box body 40, the two pressing blocks 32 and one pressing plate 12 cooperate with each other and are pressed on the three sides of the swing cover 42 respectively, ensuring that the relative position thereof will not be deflected during the pressing and bonding process, and at the same time ensuring the firmness of the bonding between the swing cover 42 and the box body 41.

[0061] According to an embodiment of the present invention, along the length direction of the first chain group 10, a plurality of pressing plates 12 are arranged at intervals on the first chain group 10, and along the length direction of the third chain group 30, a plurality of pressing blocks 32 are arranged at intervals on the third chain 31. The plurality of pressing plates 12 and the plurality of pressing blocks 32 that cooperate with each other can realize the continuous bonding and packaging operation of the box body 40.

[0062] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solutions and beneficial effects of the utility model in detail. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of the utility model and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the utility model. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the utility model should be included in the scope of protection of the utility model.

Claims

1. A box pressing device for a box packing machine, characterized in that: include: The upper circulating chain group comprises a first chain group, wherein a pressing plate is provided on the first chain group; A lower conveying chain group is arranged below the upper circulating chain group, the lower conveying chain group has a second chain group for fixing and conveying the box body, and a conveying channel is formed between the first chain group and the second chain group; Wherein, the box body has a box body and a swing cover connected to the box body. Along the length direction of the swing cover, the pressing plate can extend to the two side edges of the swing cover. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the pressing plate can be pressed on the free end of the swing cover to bond the swing cover to the box body.

2. The box pressing device of the case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pressing plate is a long strip steel plate extending along the length direction of the swing cover, and two ends of the long strip steel plate extend to the two side edges of the swing cover respectively.

3. The box pressing device of the case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The end surface of the pressing plate that can contact the swing cover is a pressing surface, and the edges of the pressing surface are formed with a rounded structure.

4. The box pressing device of the case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first chain group is also provided with a box supporting plate, which is arranged adjacent to the pressing plate. The box supporting plate has two perpendicular supporting surfaces. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the two supporting surfaces are respectively in contact with the swing cover and the side walls of the box body close to the free end of the swing cover.

5. The box pressing device of a case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper circulation chain group also has a third chain group, which is parallel to the first chain group. The third chain group includes two third chains respectively arranged on both sides of the first chain group. The third chains are provided with pressure blocks. When the box body is running in the conveying channel, the two pressure blocks on the two third chains can be pressed on both sides of the swing cover.

6. The box pressing device of the case packing machine according to claim 5, characterized in that: The running direction of the first chain group is the same as that of the third chain group, and the running speed of the first chain group is the same as that of the third chain group. A pressing plate is provided on the first chain group between every two pressing blocks along the running direction perpendicular to the box body.

7. The box pressing device of a case packing machine according to claim 6, characterized in that: Along the length direction of the first chain group, a plurality of the pressing plates are arranged at intervals on the first chain group, and along the length direction of the third chain group, a plurality of the pressing blocks are arranged at intervals on the third chain.

8. The box pressing device of a case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first chain set includes two first chains arranged in parallel, and the pressing plate is connected to the two first chains.

9. The box pressing device of a case packing machine according to claim 8, characterized in that: The pressing plate is detachably connected to the two first chains by bolts.

10. The box pressing device of a case packing machine according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pressing plate is a long strip steel plate made of 304 stainless steel.