77results about How to "High fire extinguishing efficiency" patented technology

The invention relates to a fire-extinguishing composition containing amino acid compounds. The fire-extinguishing composition comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 10-70% of amino acid and 30-90% of fire retardant; and in the fire-extinguishing composition, fireworks drug is used as heat source and power source, and the fire-extinguishing composition is driven by setting fire to the fireworks drug to react to generate a large amount of fire-extinguishing substances which are sprayed out together with the fireworks drug to extinguish fire. By adopting the amino acid compounds and through using the characteristic of low toxicity of amino acid, the fire-extinguishing composition has no harm to people and livestock; and in addition, the amino acid compounds decompose and generate various aerosol fire-extinguishing substances which are excellent in fire-extinguishing effect, therefore, the fire-extinguishing efficiency of the fire-extinguishing composition is improved.

The invention relates to a catalytic coolant used in a hot aerosol fire extinguishing device and a processing technique of the catalytic coolant. As to the coolant, heat absorption cooling components mainly include manganese carbonate or manganese oxalate, manganese phosphate, potassium manganate, metal carbonate of a family I, a family II and a transition family, basic carbonate, oxalate and the like; a metal oxide or a hydroxide are adopted as a catalyst, an oxidant and a reinforcing filling; stearate, graphite and the like are adopted as a processing aid; composite solution of alkalis silicate and a water soluble polymer is adopted as an adhesive; and film materials such as hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl cellulose are adopted as a surface coating agent. The processing technique includes the steps of mould pressing, squeezing, pelletizing, coating and forming. Compared with the prior art, the catalytic coolant not only has high intensity and good cooling effect, but also can reduce secondary damage of an extinguishing agent and eliminate the content of poisonous gases in an extinguishing agent product so as to improve the environmental safety of the extinguishing agent.

The invention discloses a preparation method for an ABC dry powder extinguishing agent. The method comprises the steps that monoammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, nanosilicon dioxide, mica, melamine, pentaerythritol, a manganese compound, borax, copper acetate and a coupling agent are mixed, silicone oil is injected into the mixture at the temperature ranging from 50 DEG C to 60 DEG C to obtain a product D, the product D is smashed through a continuous modification mulch applicator until the diameter of more than 50% of particles is smaller than 40 micrometers, stirring is carried out at high speed at the temperature being 70 DEG C for 30 min to 40 min, drying is carried out at the temperature ranging from 90 DEG C to 100 DEG C for 2h to 3h to obtain a product, the temperature is decreased to be 60 DEG C, cooling is carried out for 10-20 min, and then the ABC dry powder extinguishing agent is obtained. The obtained ABC dry powder extinguishing agent is high in efficiency and small in smog release amount during extinguishment.

The invention relates to a cold-resistant environment-friendly water fire extinguishing agent. The cold-resistant environment-friendly water fire extinguishing agent contains no PFOS fluorine hydrocarbon surface active agent, is added with an active fire extinguishing component, is capable of solving the problems of synergic effects of all the components and cold-resistant environmental protection, is capable of greatly promoting the fire extinguishing efficiency, cold resistance and environmental protection level, meets the standard requirement of GB / T17835-2008 Water Fire Extinguishing Agent, has a smoke abatement function and is nontoxic. The cold-resistant environment-friendly water fire extinguishing agent is suitable for electrified fire extinguishing for various fire disasters, such as, solid, oily and water-soluble fluid fuels, is suitable for fire extinguishing with fresh water and seawater at low temperature below -40 DEG C, and can be filled into the present common fire extinguishing devices and pipeline fire extinguishing systems. The cold-resistant environment-friendly water fire extinguishing agent is simple in production process, low in equipment investment, low in production cost and suitable for large-scale production.

The invention discloses a compound portable fire extinguisher which is characterized in that: a fire extinguishing agent storage tank is arranged, and a tank port of the fire extinguishing agent storage tank is sealedly connected with a machine head assembly, an internal cavity of the fire extinguishing agent storage tank is provided with a separator plate connected with the bottom of the storage tank and the side surface of the storage tank, the internal cavity of the fire extinguishing agent storage tank is separated into a first cavity and a second cavity by the separator plate, and the upper parts of the first cavity and the second cavity are communicated with each other; a fire extinguishing agent straw system is arranged to form an inverted Y-shaped structure, a mixing cavity is arranged on the upper part, and the bottom of the mixing cavity is in parallel connection with a first fire extinguishing agent straw and a second fire extinguishing agent straw, an end port of the top of the mixing cavity is connected with a fire extinguishing agent inlet connecting pipe of the machine head assembly, and the first fire extinguishing agent straw and the second fire extinguishing agent straw are respectively inserted into the first cavity and the second cavity; the first cavity is used for being filled with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene or perfluorinated hexanone, and the second cavity is filled with water or water containing an inorganic salt additive. The compound portable fire extinguisher is the clean and efficient compound portable fire extinguisher with combination of clean gas and fine water mist.

The invention discloses a method for controlling the particle size distribution and content of an ABC powder extinguishing agent, which comprises the following steps of: (1) firstly, crushing diammonium phosphate with an LF concealed and stepped super micro mill and controlling the 'particle size distribution' of the diammonium phosphate; secondly, controlling the 'particle size distribution' of other materials in 0.125 millimeter, 0.063 millimeter and 0.040 millimeter sieves and an underpan; and finally, controlling the 'particle size distribution' and 'content' of the product. The ABC powder extinguishing agent prepared by the method can effectively extinguish class A, B and C fires and electric equipment fires, has a class A, B, C fire extinguishing efficiency which is 1 to 3 times of that of the prior ABC powder extinguishing agent, saves raw material cost, improves extinguishing efficiency and can match products made in advanced countries across the world in performance.

The invention discloses a metallic oxygen-containing phthalate extinguishment composition which comprises from 30% to 95% of metallic oxygen-containing phthalate compounds and from 5% to 70% of flame-retardant extinguishment components. Pyrotechnic compositions are used as a heat source and a power source of the extinguishment composition, by igniting the pyrotechnic compositions, the extinguishment composition is heated by high-temperature heat generated during combustion of the pyrotechnic compositions to be subjected to decomposition reaction, large quantities of substances capable of extinguishing fire are generated, and the extinguishment substances and the pyrotechnic compositions are ejected via a nozzle of a fire extinguishing apparatus, so that the purpose of extinguishing the fire is achieved. The extinguishment composition is simple in composition, stable in performance, easy to store for a long time and excellent in environment-friendly performance, and is non-toxic.

The invention discloses a control method of a fire extinguishing bomb. The control method comprises the steps of according to the barrel leaving speed, the barrel leaving angle, the height relative to an object at a barrel leaving moment and the relay detonation time of the fire extinguishing bomb, obtaining the ejection height and the firing range of the fire extinguishing bomb relative to the ground; establishing an enquiry form according to the ejection height and the firing range of the fire extinguishing bomb relative to the ground and obtaining the barrel leaving speed and the barrel leaving angle of the fire extinguishing bomb according to a preset firing range and a preset ejection height in combination with said enquiry form before the fire extinguishing bomb is ejected; launching the fire extinguishing bomb at the obtained barrel leaving speed and in the obtained barrel leaving angle to enable the detonation height of the fire extinguishing bomb to meet the set requirement. According to the invention, the detonation position of the fire extinguishing bomb is adjusted, so that the effective coverage area of an ejected fire extinguishing agent is greatly increased, the fire extinguishing agent can directly act at the height of a fire source, the use efficiency of the fire extinguishing agent is improved, and the fire extinguishing efficacy is enhanced.

A class D fire extinguishing agent is prepared by using the following components, by mass, 68-74% of sodium chloride, 5-8% of talcum powder, 7-10% of halogen-free flame retardant powder, 4.2-6% of white carbon black, 7-10% of calcium chloride, 1.2-1.7% of silicone oil and 0.3-0.7% of magnesium powder. A preparation method of the class D fire extinguishing agent comprises the following steps: respectively crushing sodium chloride, talcum powder, the halogen-free flame retardant powder, white carbon black and calcium chloride to form powders; and dehydrating sodium chloride, drying, mixing the dried sodium chloride with the talcum powder, the halogen-free flame retardant powder, the white carbon black and calcium chloride, and fully and uniformly mixing at a certain temperature, baking, adding the silicone oil, continuously baking, uniformly mixing, adding the magnesium powder, and uniformly stirring to prepare the finished extinguishing agent. In the invention, the above sodium salt is adopted as a main material, a small amount of the flame retardant is added, and the flame retardant, a catalyst and a metal substance in the sodium salt are effectively introduced and are finally effectively combined in order to effectively extinguish class D metal alkyl substance fires.

The invention discloses a fire extinguishing system and method suitable for an ultrahigh voltage converter station and the ultrahigh voltage converter station. The fire extinguishing system comprisesa spray fire extinguishing system and a fire monitor fire extinguishing system, the spray fire extinguishing system comprises first fire pipelines and spray pipes, and the fire monitor fire extinguishing system comprises second fire pipelines and fire monitors. One fire monitor is arranged over each of fire walls on two sides of each converter transformer in the ultrahigh voltage converter station, each fire monitor communicates with one second fire pipeline, one spray pipe is arranged on each of the fire walls on two sides of each converter transformer, each spray pipe communicates with one first fire pipeline, and the fire monitors and outlets of the first fire pipeline spray pipes at the position of each converter transformer right face the converter transformer. The fire extinguishingsystem and method have the advantages of overcoming the shortcomings and defects of an existing fire extinguishing system design and realizing efficient and reliable fire fighting.

An efficient fire-extinguishing agent of superfine powder is prepared from ammonium phosphate, SiO2 and stearate. Its advantages include small granularity less than 10 microns, large specific surface area, high flowability and dispersity, high fire extinguishing effect, no poison and no pollution.

The invention discloses a method for shooting a fire-extinguishing bullet for a high-rise building fire-extinguishing system. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, constructing a fire-extinguishing bullet shooting system which comprises a rotary tower system (2), a sequential control module (6), a liquid crystal display screen (8) and a control handle (9); solving and obtaining a pitch angle required by launching by using an angle resolving module (7) resident in a conducting control computer (5) according to a method for solving a bullet kinematical equation and a kinetic equation by a conducting control unit (4) according to position information of a target fire source measured by a detecting device (1); taking a calculated result as a shooting angle executing volume of a fire-extinguishing bullet assembling frame (3); and sending an igniting instruction of the fire-extinguishing bullet by the conducting control unit (4), thereby realizing the shooting of the fire-extinguishing bullet. According to the method provided by the invention, the process of controlling and operating the fire-extinguishing bullet for the high-rise building fire-extinguishing system is effectively simplified, the shooting precision of the fire-extinguishing bullet is increased and the whole fire-extinguishing efficiency of the fire-extinguishing system is increased.

A method for cooling condensed fire extinguishing aerosol by using water or water solution comprises the following steps: (1) the water or the water solution is wrapped by using a rubber membrane or a plastic membrane to produce a fire extinguishing aerosol coolant with a spherical, block-shaped or circular structure; (2) solute in the water solution can be a substance of salt for extinguishing fire or a water fire extinguishing agent, such as urea, ammonium phosphate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, a loaded stream extinguishing agent, a wet water extinguishing agent and the like; and (3) the fire extinguishing aerosol coolant prepared in the step (1) is filled at the periphery of a reactor of an aerosol generation device; when the aerosol generation device generates an aerosol fire extinguishing substance, a large amount of heat is generated; and a cooling fire extinguishing agent is gradually broken to release the water or the water solution under the influence of temperature, is heated for gasifying and cooling, and is mixed with the aerosol fire extinguishing substance to release for extinguishing fire. The method can quickly reduce the aerosol temperature, and can improve the fire extinguishing effect.

The invention relates to a fire extinguishing composition. The fire extinguishing composition consists of the following components in percentage by mass: 30%-80% of aromatic organic acid compounds, 15%-65% of alcohol compounds and 0.2%-5% of an additive.

The invention discloses a fire extinguishing system suitable for an extra-high voltage converter station, a fire extinguishing method and the extra-high voltage converter station. The fire extinguishing system comprises a spraying fire extinguishing system and a fire monitor fire extinguishing system; the spraying fire extinguishing system comprises first fire fighting pipelines and spraying pipes, and the fire monitor fire extinguishing system comprises second fire fighting pipelines and fire monitors; and one fire monitor is arranged right above firewalls on the two sides of each converter transformer in the extra-high voltage converter station, each fire monitor communicates with one corresponding second fire fighting pipeline, the spraying pipes are arranged on the firewalls on the twosides of each converter transformer, each spraying pipe communicates with one corresponding first fire fighting pipeline, the fire monitor at the position of each converter transformer and outlets ofthe corresponding first fire fighting pipeline and the spraying pipe right face the converter transformer; The fire extinguishing system has the advantages that the defects of an existing design of afire extinguishing system are overcome, and efficient fire extinguishing and reliable fire extinguishing are achieved.

The invention provides a preparation method of a solution for fine water mist extinguishment, relating to an extinguishment composition. The preparation method comprises the steps of preparing a sodium chloride solution with the mass percentage concentration of 0.5-5% by taking the required amount of sodium chloride and tap water according to sodium chloride with mass percentage of 0.5-5%, carbon dioxide with saturated dissolved load and the balance of tap water at temperature of 5-40 DEG C; putting into a liquid storage tank; introducing carbon dioxide gas with pressure of 1.5-5MPa into the liquid storage tank so as to be dissolved into the sodium chloride solution to achieve the purpose that the carbon dioxide is of saturated dissolved load set in the first step, wherein the top space of the liquid storage tank is filled with carbon dioxide and the pressure is maintained to be 1.5-5MPa; and preparing the solution for fine water mist extinguishment. The solution is conveyed with a single tube at medium pressure so as to realize atomized fine water mist with an additive, so that the defects that the existing additive for fine water mist has poor extinguishment effect, is serious in pollution, has high cost and high equipment requirements are overcome.

The invention relates to a water-based fire extinguishing agent, which comprises, by mass, 1-6% of an inorganic salt, 0.5-5% of a surfactant, 1-5% of a foaming agent, 3-10% of a flame retardant, 4-10%of an anti-freezing agent, 0.1-1% of a penetrant, 2-3% of an emulsifier, and the balance of water, wherein the surfactant uses a combination of a fluorine surfactant and a hydrocarbon surfactant, andthe fluorine surfactant is an anionic gemini fluorine surfactant having a fluorocarbon chain length of 4 carbons. According to the present invention, the fire extinguishing agent adopts the self-madefluorocarbon surfactant, does not contain persistent organic pollutants, can be rapidly degraded, cannot pollute the environment, and has excellent fire extinguishing performance.

The invention provides a liquid fire extinguishing agent atomizing and spraying head. A plurality of atomizing nozzles are distributed on the periphery of a spraying head; a plurality of area reduction type pipeline jet injection bodies are distributed at the center of the spraying head; the atomizing nozzles rotate flowing-though liquid and a jet fluid fog field is generated by rubbing the discharged fluid with air and then crushing and atomizing; the liquid which flows through the pipeline jet injection bodies is sprayed out from the nozzles at a high speed so as to form a high-speed jet flow; the high-speed jet flow penetrates through the atomizing and spraying head to generate the jet fluid fog field; and after the liquid is rubbed with air, the liquid is crushed and atomized in a farther region to form the jet fluid fog field. The atomizing nozzles of the spraying head of the fire extinguishing agent disclosed by the invention generate a jet liquid fire extinguishing agent fog field, and a pipeline jet injection liquid fire extinguishing agent is crushed and atomized in the farther region to form a jet liquid fire extinguishing agent fog field; and the two liquid fog fields are connected to form a banana-shaped liquid fire extinguishing agent fog field.

The invention discloses an automatic fire extinguishing device for building fire safety. A box, a box cover and a smoke sensor are included. The box cover is hinged to the box through a hinge. A sound and light alarm device is arranged on the smoke sensor. One side of the smoke sensor is provided with a start button. A power supply battery is arranged at the upper portion in the box. A water pump arranged in the box and a smoke controller on one side of the water pump are located below the power supply battery. The water inlet end of the water pump communicates with a water inlet connecting pipe, the water outlet end of the water pump communicates with a fireproof pipe, and the fireproof pipe is provided with a plurality of high-pressure sprayers at equal intervals. According to the automatic fire extinguishing device, the water inlet connecting pipe can communicate with a fireproof water pipe in a building, the fireproof pipe with the high-pressure sprayers is arranged on a wall of a floor, and when fire breaks out to the floor and smoke is generated, the smoke sensor transmits smoke signals to the smoke controller, the smoke controller controls the water pump to pump water in the fireproof water pipe, water flows into the fireproof pipe, the high-pressure sprayers are used for spraying water for fire extinguishing, the fire extinguishing range is wide, and efficiency is high.

The invention provides a method for preparing a rare earth element-compounded powder extinguishing agent through supersonic jet milling. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing and refining a rare earth element compound and a base material of a powder extinguishing agent by using a supersonic jet milling method, and performing surface modification by using emulsified siliconeoil, thereby obtaining the high-efficiency ultrafine powder extinguishing agent. According to the method, the fire extinguishing performance of the composite fire extinguishing agent is further improved by utilizing the efficient fire extinguishing performance of rare earth elements, and a rare earth element compound and the base material of the powder fire extinguishing agent are refined simultaneously by utilizing the supersonic jet milling method, so the particle size of the raw materials can be reduced, and the raw materials of the fire extinguishing agent can be mixed more uniformly; andbesides, due to the fact that the surfaces of effective components and rare earth components of the fire extinguishing agent can generate fresh surfaces with high activity under the action of high-speed airflow, the effective components and the rare earth components of the fire extinguishing agent generate chemical bonding or physical adsorption through high turbulence effect and mechanochemical effect, and therefore, the compounding effect of the effective components and the rare earth components of the fire extinguishing agent is better.

The invention relates to a biomass gel-based dry water powder extinguishing agent and a preparation method thereof. The invention relates to a biomass gel-based dry water powder extinguishing agent, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5-10% of hydrophobic solid particles, 0.1-1.0% of water-phase matrix, 0.5-2.0% of gelatinizing agent and the balance of water. The fire extinguishing agent is high in stability, excellent in fire extinguishing efficiency and environmentally friendly. Compared with a common dry water fire extinguishing agent, the fire extinguishing agent has the advantages that the gelatinizing agent and the water-phase matrix are added into a water base, an internal solution is converted into gel through reaction between the gelatinizing agent andthe water-phase matrix, the pressure resistance and the water-retaining property of the fire extinguishing agent are greatly improved, and the fire extinguishing agent has wide application prospects.

The invention relates to a novel fire-extinguishing composition, which comprises 5%-39% of ferrocene and 61%-95% of a flame-retardant fire-extinguishing component by mass. The fire-extinguishing composition adopts a pyrotechnic agent as the thermal source and the power source. The high temperature generated by pyrotechnic agent combustion is utilized to heat the fire-extinguishing composition and make it undergo a decomposition reaction so as to generate fire extinguishing substances, which can be ejected together with the pyrotechnic agent to achieve a fire-extinguishing effect. In the invention, the combination ratio of the ferrocene is made accurate and optimized. The characteristic that after being heated, ferrocene can decompose or sublimate to generate fire-extinguishing substances is fully utilized. The fire extinguishing efficiency of the ferrocene composition is greatly improved, and the fire-extinguishing time is shortened.

The invention relates to a composite superfine powder fire extinguishing agent which comprises 30-40% of magnesium hydroxide, 20-30% of aluminum hydroxide, 20-30% of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 4-6% of talcum powder, 2-3% of mica powder, 4-5% of white carbon black, 3-4% of activated clay, 2-3% of hydrogen-containing silicon oil and 1-1.5% of magnesium stearate. The preparation method comprisesthe following steps: uniformly mixing the substances so as to obtain a base material; and performing ball milling stirring, heat preservation, wet milling, drying and ball milling crushing on the mixed base material in a ball mill, so as to obtain the composite superfine powder fire extinguishing agent. As the amounts of the magnesium hydroxide and the aluminum hydroxide in the dry powder fire extinguishing agent are increased, and the magnesium hydroxide and the aluminum hydroxide have the advantages of being simple in preparation process, rich in raw material source, low in cost, free of equipment corrosion, and the like, the composite superfine powder fire extinguishing agent has wide application prospects and market potential.

The invention discloses a novel dry powder extinguishing agent. The novel dry powder extinguishing agent comprises, by mass, 55%-65% of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 18%-20% of ammonium sulfate, 2%-6% of barium sulfate, 1%-3% of diatomite, 2%-5% of alums, 2%-5% of talcum powder, 2%-5% of mica powder, 2%-5% of sodium silicate, 1%-2% of silicone oil, 1%-3% of activated clay and 1%-3% of white carbon black. According to the novel dry powder extinguishing agent, the ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate are subjected to chemical contact reacting, the hygroscopic property of dry powder can be enhanced, and the fire extinguishing effect is improved; meanwhile, the white carbon black can form hydrophobic white carbon black after hydrophobization by the silicone oil, the hydrophobic white carbon black is matched with the alums and the activated clay, and thus the repellency of the dry powder extinguishing agent is improved; and the barium sulfate and the diatomite are of a porous structureand have good mobility, the specific surface area of fire extinguishing compositions can be increased, the dispersion effect is good, and therefore cost is reduced and fire extinguishing efficiency isimproved.

The invention belongs to the field of dry powder extinguishing agents, and relates to an ammonium phosphate salt dry powder extinguishing agent and a preparation method thereof. The ammonium phosphate salt dry powder extinguishing agent is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 70 to 75 parts of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate; 15 to 20 parts of ammonium sulfate; 1 to 5 parts of white carbon black; 1 to 3 parts of silicone oil; 1 to 3 parts of water; and 1 to 20 parts of filler. The particle size D90 of 50-60% of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is 10-15 [mu]m, the particle size D90 of the remaining ammonium dihydrogen phosphate is 80-100 [mu]m, and the particle size D90 of ammonium sulfate is 80-100 [mu]m. The dry powder extinguishing agent has excellent fire extinguishing performance, the overall bulk density of the extinguishing agent can be increased easily, and the situation that a fire extinguisher and a fire extinguishing system are difficult to fill can be effectively avoided.

The invention provides a preparation method of an ABC dry powder extinguishing agent. The preparation method comprises the steps that raw materials including, by weight, 50-80 parts of monoammonium phosphate, 8-20 parts of ammonium sulfate, 5-15 parts of carbon nanofibres, 1-5 parts of mica, 1-5 parts of silicone oil, 1-5 parts of tetrafluoroboric acid pyrrolizidine spiro cyclic quaternary ammonium salt, 0.1-1 part of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 0.01-0.1 part of chloride(indenyl)bi(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II), 0.01-0.1 part of cerium stabilized zirconia beads and 1-5 parts of a coupling agent are mixed, specifically, the total weight parts are 100; silicone oil is sprayed into the mixture, and a crude product is obtained; and the crude product is smashed and dried, and accordingly the ABC dry powder extinguishing agent is obtained.

The invention relates to a novel fire extinguishing system of an electric field. The novel fire extinguishing system comprises needle type array positive electrodes, net-shaped array negative electrodes and a direct-current high-voltage power supply, wherein sharp ends of the needle type array positive electrodes and the net-shaped array negative electrodes are arranged at equal intervals, two output electrodes of the direct-current high-voltage power supply are respectively connected to the needle type array positive electrodes and the net-shaped array negative electrodes, an electric field is formed between the needle type array positive electrodes and the net-shaped array negative electrodes, and flame located in the electric field can be rapidly extinguished under the action of the electric field. According to the novel fire extinguishing system, a fire scene in various closed spaces can be rapidly extinguished without using any solid, liquid and gas fire-extinguishing mediums, and thus the purposes of high efficiency, low cost and pollution-free fire extinguishment are fully achieved.

The invention relates to the field of fire extinguishing, in particular to a fire extinguishing agent and a preparation method and application thereof. The fire extinguishing agent comprises, by weight, 0.5%-15% of ammonium polyphosphate and 85%-99.5% of alkyl glycoside without adding water. According to the fire extinguishing agent and the preparation method and application thereof, the components of the fire extinguishing agent are reduced, the content of a surface active agent is increased, the fire extinguishing speed can be made higher, and the comprehensive properties of being more efficient, more environmentally friendly and lower in cost are achieved. Moreover, no water is added in the synthetic process, so that the weight of the fire extinguishing agent is lowered, and storage and transportation are made more convenient.