Method for ascertaining the temperature of a substance under test and measuring system for this purpose

Abstract

In the method according to the application, the substance to be tested (FL) is allowed to flow through the pipeline in the specified flow direction, and the wall temperature value X Tw is ascertained, which represents the wall temperature T w of the wall of the lumen of the pipe, which encloses the pipeline. Furthermore, the density value X p of the density p of the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline, the viscosity value X μ of the viscosity μ of the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline, the thermal conductivity value X λ of the temperature conductivity λ of the substance to be tested, the heat capacity value X p of the specific heat capacity c cp of the substance to be tested, and the pressure difference value X Δρ of the pressure difference Δρ generated in the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline in the flow direction are ascertained and then used to ascertain the characteristic number value X V of the characteristic number V of the substance to be tested, which characterizes the heating of the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline as a result of dissipation, wherein the characteristic number V of the substance to be tested corresponds to the calculation formula: V = f(Δp, p, μ, λ, c p ) = Pr a · ec b · ζ c , which is determined by the Eckert number Ec of the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline, the Prandtl number Pr of the substance to be tested flowing in the pipeline and the pressure loss coefficient ζ of the pipeline, and by the pipeline-specific first exponent a, the pipeline-specific second exponent b and the pipeline-specific third exponent c. Finally, the temperature value X V representing the temperature T Tw of the substance to be tested is ascertained using the characteristic number value X M and the wall temperature value X TM . For this purpose, the measuring system according to the application additionally comprises a temperature sensor, which is thermally coupled to the lateral surface of the wall for generating a temperature measurement signal, which corresponds to a change in the temperature T w of the wall as a function of a change in at least one signal parameter, and a measuring and operating electronics system, which is electrically connected to the temperature sensor.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to a method for ascertaining the temperature of a substance to be measured, i.e. the temperature of a measured substance which is conducted in a line, and to a corresponding measuring system. BACKGROUND

[0002] US-A 2017 / 0074701, US-A 2017 / 0074730, WO-A 2017 / 131546 or WO-A 2015 / 099933 disclose a measuring system or a method for ascertaining the temperature of a measured substance, i.e. the temperature of a measured substance (e.g. a gas, a liquid or a dispersion) which flows in a line (e.g. a pipe), wherein the temperature of the typically metallic wall (wall temperature) surrounding the lumen of the line is detected on a surface (lateral surface) which faces away from the lumen of the line by means of one or more temperature sensors, and on the basis of the temperature measurement signals thus produced (e.g. i.e. calculated) a measured substance temperature value is produced (e.g. i.e. calculated) which represents the temperature of the measured substance.

[0003] At least one temperature sensor of the particular measuring system is formed by means of temperature sensors which are arranged outside the line and thus, during operation, are not contacted by the measured substance which flows in the lumen of the line, and optionally also not contacted by a coupling which consists, for example, of a thermal adhesive, which connects the temperature sensors to the wall in a thermally conductive manner. The temperature sensors are further configured to convert the wall temperature which corresponds to the temperature at the temperature measurement point formed by means of the temperature sensors, in particular, into a corresponding temperature measurement signal, i.e. an electrical measurement signal which represents the particular wall temperature, for example, with an electrical signal voltage which depends on the wall temperature and / or an electrical signal current which depends on the wall temperature. The temperature sensors can thus be, for example, platinum measuring resistors, thermistors or thermocouples, or also circuits which are formed by means of several such temperature-sensitive electrical or electronic components.

[0004] Each of the above-mentioned measuring systems further comprises measuring system electronics which are configured to receive the at least one temperature measurement signal and to generate measured substance temperature values using said temperature measurement signal. For this purpose, the measuring system electronics are usually electrically connected directly to the at least one temperature sensor by means of a corresponding connection line. In the case of measuring systems used in industrial measurement and automation technology, the measuring system electronics are usually realized by means of one or more microprocessors, optionally also designed as digital signal processors (DSP), such that the measuring system electronics determine the specific temperature measurement values by numerically calculating digital sample values obtained from the measurement signals, in particular the at least one temperature measurement signal, and provide them in the form of corresponding digital values. In addition, the measuring system electronics are also usually accommodated in at least one comparatively robust, in particular impact-resistant, pressure-resistant and / or weather-resistant electronics housing. The electronics housing can be arranged, for example, separately from the pipeline, or also adjacent thereto, and can also be fixed on the pipeline. The specific measuring system electronics can also be electrically connected to a superordinate electronic data processing system via a corresponding electrical line, which is arranged spatially remote from the specific measuring system and also spatially distributed, and which receives the measurement values generated by the specific measuring system in a timely manner, for example also in real time, by means of at least one measurement value signal which suitably carries these measurement values. The data processing system can be formed, for example, by means of a programmable logic controller (PLC) and / or a process control computer installed in a control room and by means of a corresponding data transmission network, for example a fieldbus system and / or a radio network. Further examples of measuring systems for ascertaining the temperature of a measured substance by means of temperature sensors arranged externally on a pipeline conducting the measured substance are disclosed, inter alia, in EP A 919 793, US-A 2008 / 0127745, US-A 2008 / 0115577, US-A 2011 / 0113896, US-A 47 68 384, US-B 70 40179, WO-A 95 / 08758, WO-A 01 / 02816, WO-A 2009 / 051588, WO-A 2009 / 134268, WO-A 2012 / 018323, WO-A 2012 / 033504, WO-A 2012 / 067608 or WO-A 2012 / 115639.

[0005] As in US-A 2017 / 0074701, US-A 2017 / 0074730, EP-A 919 793, US-A 2008 / 0127745, US-A 2008 / 0115577, US-A 2011 / 0113896, US-A 47 68 384, US-B 70 40 179, WO-A 95 / 08758, WO-A 01 / 02816, WO-A 2009 / 051588, WO-A 2009 / 134268, WO-A 2012 / 018323, WO-A 2012 / 033504, WO-A 2012 / 067608 or WO-A 2012 / 115639, the measuring system of the type concerned can furthermore be configured to determine at least one further measured variable of the measured substance flowing in the line, which deviates from the measured substance temperature, in particular, i.e. to generate a measured value representing this variable. For example, such a measuring system can also be an electronic vibration measuring system which can be used to measure one or more substance parameters of the measured substance, such as density and / or viscosity, and / or one or more flow parameters of the measured substance, for example, mass and / or volume flow and / or flow velocity, and thus to generate corresponding density measured values, viscosity measured values, mass flow measured values, volume flow measured values and / or flow velocities during operation. The structure and mode of operation of such an electronic vibration measuring system, which is formed by means of the aforementioned vibration measuring transducers, which are usually designed as (metal) tubes and which include the line, for example, also as Coriolis mass flow measuring devices or also as Coriolis mass flow measuring systems, are known to the person skilled in the art and per se, and are described extensively and in detail, for example, in US-B 65 133 393, US-B 66 51 513, US-B 70 17242, US-B 74 06 878, US-B 87 57 007, US-B 86 71 776 or US-B 89 24 165 or also in the mentioned US-A 2017 / 0074701, US-A 2017 / 0074730, EP-A 919 793, US-A 2008 / 0127745, US-A 2008 / 0115577, US-A 2011 / 0113896, US-A 47 68 384, US-B 70 40 179, WO-A 01 / 02816, WO-A 2009 / 051588, WO-A 2009 / 134268, WO-A 2012 / 018323, WO-A 2012 / 033504, WO-A 2012 / 067608 or WO-A 2012 / 115639.With such an electronic vibration measuring system, the pipeline is also specifically configured to be at least temporarily vibrated while the measured substance is flowing through it for the purpose of measuring material and / or flow parameters during operation. Typically, for this purpose, the pipeline is actively excited into useful vibrations, i.e. mechanical vibrations, associated with a specific pipeline around a static rest position, in particular such mechanical vibrations which are suitable for inducing a Coriolis force in the flowing measured substance which depends on its mass flow, and / or are suitable for inducing a friction force in the flowing measured substance which depends on its viscosity, and / or are suitable for inducing an inertial force in the flowing measured substance which depends on its density, by means of at least one vibration exciter acting electromechanically on it, for example formed by means of a permanent magnet attached to the outside of the pipeline and by means of an exciter coil interacting therewith. In order to detect the mechanical vibrations of the pipeline, in particular their useful vibrations, the specific (electronic vibration) measuring system further comprises at least one, for example electric, vibration sensor which is configured to convert at least one vibration signal, i.e. an electric vibration measuring signal representing the vibrational movements of the pipeline, for example with an electric signal voltage which depends on the speed of the vibrational movements of the pipeline. The measuring system electronics of such an electronic vibration measuring system, in particular for the aforementioned cases in which a density measurement value representing the density of the measured substance and / or a viscosity measurement value representing the viscosity of the measured substance is to be able to be produced therein, is further configured to also produce the measurement values using both the at least one temperature measurement signal and the at least one vibration signal, for example such that the measuring system electronics determines the density measurement value and / or the viscosity measurement value on the basis of a useful frequency measured by means of the vibration signal, i.e. a vibration frequency of the useful vibrations which depends on the material parameter to be measured, and also metrologically compensates any dependence of the useful frequency on the instantaneous measurement fluid temperature for this purpose. In addition to evaluating the temperature measurement signal and the at least one vibration signal, the measuring system electronics of such an electronic vibration measuring system is also typically used to produce at least one, for example harmonic and / or clocked, driver signal for the at least one electromechanical vibration exciter. The driver signal can be adjusted, for example, in terms of current intensity and / or voltage level.

[0006] Further investigations have shown that the measured substance temperature values determined by means of the aforementioned method or measuring system can differ greatly from the true or actual measured substance temperature, even at a flow rate of the measured substance in the pipeline of approximately 0.1 m s -1This is also the case at a comparably low flow rate of the measured substance flowing in the line and / or at a comparably low Reynolds number of about 100 of the measured substance flowing in the line, for example, such that a deviation of a measured substance temperature value representing a core temperature of the measured substance corresponding to the temperature of the portion volume of the measured substance in the center of the lumen from said core temperature can exceed 4 K; this is in particular also the case when considering the heat flow detected by means of two or more temperature sensors within the wall and / or within the atmosphere enclosing the line - for example, according to the cited US-A 2017 / 0074701, US-A 2017 / 0074730, US-A 2008 / 0127745, US-B 70 40 179, WO-A 2017 / 131546 or WO-A 2015 / 099933. SUMMARY

[0007] To this end, it is an object of the present application to specify a method which allows for an accurate determination of a measured substance temperature of a measured substance flowing in a line based on a measured wall temperature, in particular a core temperature of the measured substance; this is in particular also the case at a flow rate of the measured substance flowing in the line exceeding 0.1 m s -1 and / or also such that a deviation of the determined measured substance temperature or a measured substance temperature value representing this from the true measured substance temperature is less than 3 K, in particular also less than 1 K. Furthermore, it is another object of the present application to specify a measurement system which is suitable for carrying out such a method.

[0008] To achieve said objects, the present application comprises a method for ascertaining a measured substance temperature T M , i.e. a temperature, in particular a core temperature, of a measured substance conducted in a line, in particular a tube, wherein the line has a lumen enclosed by a wall, in particular a metallic wall, the method comprising:

[0009] • letting the measured substance flow in a predetermined flow direction, for example at a flow rate U exceeding 0.1 m / s, through the line;

[0010] • ascertaining at least one wall temperature T w , i.e. a wall temperature value X Tw representing a temperature of the wall, for example on a surface of the wall facing away from the lumen (lateral surface), on a surface of the wall facing the lumen (inner surface), or within the wall;

[0011] • ascertaining at least one density p of a density value X ρ representing a density of the measured substance flowing in the line;

[0012] • ascertaining at least one viscosity value X μ;

[0013] • Determine at least one thermal conductivity value X representing the thermal conductivity λ of the measured substance. λ ;

[0014] • Determine the specific heat capacity c of the substance being tested. p At least one heat capacity value X cp ;

[0015] • Identify at least one pressure difference X representing the pressure difference Δp established within the measured substance flowing in the pipeline along the flow direction. Δp For example, the difference between the first static pressure p1 established in the flowing test substance and the second static pressure p2 established downstream of the first static pressure p1 in the flowing test substance.

[0016] • Set at least one density value X ρ At least one viscosity value X μ At least one differential pressure value X Δp At least one thermal conductivity value X λ and at least one heat capacity value X cp At least one characteristic value X used to determine the characteristic number V of the analyte. V The characteristic number V of the measured substance characterizes, for example, the heating of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline due to dissipation in a portion of the volume near the wall of the flowing measured substance. The characteristic number V corresponds to a calculation formula determined by the Eckert number Ec of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline, the Prandtl number Pr of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline, and the pressure loss coefficient ζ of the pipeline, as well as by a pipeline-specific first exponent a, a pipeline-specific second exponent b, and a pipeline-specific third exponent c.

[0017] V = f(Δp, ρ, μ, λ, c) p )=Pr a Ec b ·ζ c ;

[0018] And at least one characteristic value X V and at least one wall temperature value X Tw Used to determine the temperature T of the measured substance. M At least one temperature value X of the measured substance (e.g., the core temperature of the measured substance) TM This makes the temperature value X of the measured substance... TM Satisfy the calculation rules:

[0019] X TM =X TW -(k1·X V +k2)=X TW -X ΔT .

[0020] In addition, the present application also comprises a measuring system, for example an electronic vibration measuring system, which is configured to implement the method according to the present application, wherein the measuring system comprises a temperature sensor, which is thermally coupled to the lateral surface of the wall, for generating a temperature measurement signal, which follows the temperature T of the wall as a function of the change of at least one signal parameter, for example, the surface temperature of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall, for example, the electrical temperature measurement signal, and measuring and operating electronics, which are electrically connected to the temperature sensor, for example, also formed by means of at least one microprocessor. w

[0021] According to a first embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the measured substance temperature value X TM satisfies a calculation rule which depends on the characteristic value X V and the wall temperature value X Tw and which is parameterized by a line-specific first coefficient k1 and a line-specific second coefficient k2:

[0022] X TM = X TW -(k1 · X V +k2) = X TW -X ΔT

[0023] In the further development of this embodiment of the present application, the first coefficient k1 and the second coefficient k2 are previously determined (calibrated) constants, and / or the first coefficient k1 is not less than 0.5 K (Kelvin) and does not exceed 1.5 K; and / or the second coefficient k2 is not less than -0.2 K and does not exceed 0.2 K, for example, is equal to 0.

[0024] According to a second embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the first exponent a exceeds 0.1 and is less than 0.5, for example, 0.3.

[0025] According to a third embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the second exponent b exceeds 0.8 and is less than 1.2, for example, 1.

[0026] According to a fourth embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the third exponent c exceeds 0.8 and is less than 1.2, for example, 1.

[0027] According to a fifth embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the second exponent b is equal to the third exponent c, for example, is equal to one.

[0028] According to a sixth embodiment of the method according to the present application, it is further provided that the parameter value X V satisfies the calculation rule:​

[0029]

[0030] In a further development of this embodiment of the application, the second exponent b is equal to one.

[0031] According to a seventh embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the specific heat capacity c p of the substance under test is not less than 1 kJ kg -1 · K -1 and not more than 5 kJ kg -1 · K -1 .

[0032] According to an eighth embodiment of the method according to the application, the thermal conductivity λ of the substance under test is not less than 0.1 W m -1 · K -1 and not more than 1 W m -1 · K -1 .

[0033] According to a ninth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the viscosity μ of the substance under test is greater than 1 mPa s - for example, greater than 10 mPa s.

[0034] According to a tenth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the density p of the substance under test is greater than 500 kg m -3 and / or less than 2000 kg m -3 .

[0035] According to an eleventh embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the substance under test flowing in the line has a flow velocity U greater than 0.1 m s -1 - for example, greater than 1 m s -1 , for example, average or maximum.

[0036] According to a twelfth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the substance under test flowing in the line has a mass flow -1 greater than 0.01 kg s -1 - for example, greater than 0.1 kg s

[0037] According to a thirteenth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the substance under test flowing in the line has a Reynolds number Re greater than 100 - for example, greater than 1000.

[0038] According to a fourteenth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the density value X ρ deviates from the (true) density p of the substance under test by not more than 0.5% (f ρ<0.5%) — for example, exceeding 0.1% (f) of density ρ. ρ >0.1%.

[0039] According to the fifteenth embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the differential pressure value X is further specified. Δp The deviation from the (true) pressure difference Δp shall not exceed 15% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp <15%) — For example, exceeding 5% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp >5%).

[0040] According to the sixteenth embodiment of the method according to the invention, the viscosity value X is further specified. μ The deviation from the (true) viscosity μ of the measured substance shall not exceed 15% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ <15%) — For example, more than 2% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ >2%).

[0041] According to the seventeenth embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the thermal conductivity value X is further specified. λ The deviation from the (true) thermal conductivity λ of the measured material shall not exceed 50% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ <50%) — For example, more than 5% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ >5%).

[0042] According to the eighteenth embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the heat capacity value X is further specified. cp The (true) specific heat capacity c of the measured substance p The deviation does not exceed the specific heat capacity c p 50% (f cp <50%) — For example, more than 5% (f) of the specific heat capacity cp. cp >5%).

[0043] According to the nineteenth embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the temperature value X of the substance being measured is further specified. TM The (true) temperature T of the measured substance M The deviation (e.g., core temperature) is less than 2K—for example, less than 1K.

[0044] According to the twentieth embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the wall temperature T is further specified. w (T M <T w The temperature T of the substance being measured M —For example, the core temperature of the substance being tested is high, such as exceeding 1K.

[0045] According to the twenty-first embodiment of the method according to the present invention, the temperature value X of the measured substance is further specified. TMa wall temperature value X Tw (X TM <X Tw ).

[0046] According to a twenty-second embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the measured substance temperature value X TM represents the core temperature of the measured substance.

[0047] According to a twenty-third embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the wall temperature value X Tw represents the temperature T w of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall, for example, the surface temperature.

[0048] According to a twenty-fourth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that, in order to ascertain at least the wall temperature value X Tw , the surface temperature of the wall, for example, i.e. the temperature on the hollow cylindrical section of the wall, is ascertained.

[0049] According to a twenty-fifth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the wall of the line comprises a metal, for example, steel, a titanium alloy, a tantalum alloy or a zirconium alloy.

[0050] According to a twenty-sixth embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the wall thickness of the wall of the line is not less than 0.5 mm, for example, more than 1 mm, and / or not more than 5 mm, for example, less than 3 mm.

[0051] According to a twenty-seventh embodiment of the method according to the application, it is further provided that the line for ascertaining the density value and / or for ascertaining the viscosity value and / or for ascertaining the differential pressure value X Δp is caused to vibrate, for example, i.e. is actively excited to mechanically vibrate by means of an electromechanical vibration exciter of a Coriolis mass flow / density measuring device.

[0052] According to a first embodiment of the measuring system according to the application, the measuring and evaluation electronics are further configured to ascertain at least one measured substance temperature value X TM . Furthermore, the measuring and evaluation electronics can also be configured to ascertain at least one wall temperature value X Tw and / or at least one characteristic number value X V of the characteristic number V of the measured substance.

[0053] According to a first development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining a flow index n of the measured substance flowing in the line.

[0054] According to a second development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining at least one Reynolds number value X Re. Furthermore, the pressure loss coefficient value X ζ is thus able to be calculated such that it satisfies the calculation rule:

[0055]

[0056] According to a third development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining at least one mass flow value X representative of the mass flow of the measured substance flowing in the line

[0057] According to a fourth development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining at least one Reynolds number value X Re representative of the Reynolds number Re of the measured substance flowing in the line; and ascertaining at least one mass flow value X representative of the mass flow of the measured substance flowing in the line and further providing that the differential pressure value X Δp satisfies the calculation rule:

[0058]

[0059] and / or the Reynolds number value X Re satisfies the calculation rule:

[0060]

[0061] According to a fifth development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining at least one velocity value X U representative of the average or maximum flow velocity U, for example, of the measured substance flowing in the line. Furthermore, the pressure loss coefficient value X ζ is thus able to be calculated such that it satisfies the calculation rule:

[0062]

[0063] and / or the characteristic number value X V is able to be calculated such that it satisfies the calculation formula:

[0064]

[0065] According to a sixth development of the application, the method further comprises using a Coriolis mass flow / density measuring device for ascertaining the density value X ρ and / or for ascertaining the viscosity value X μ and / or for ascertaining the differential pressure value X Δp . The line is thus able to be a component of a Coriolis mass flow / density measuring device, for example.

[0066] According to a seventh development of the application, the method further comprises using a differential pressure measuring device for ascertaining the differential pressure value XΔp For example, the line can thus also be a component of a differential pressure measuring device.

[0067] According to an eighth development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining both a first static pressure established in the flowing measured substance and a second static pressure established in the flowing measured substance in a downstream direction thereof, and ascertaining the differential pressure value X Δp .

[0068] According to a ninth development of the application, the method further comprises ascertaining a temperature T w of the wall, in particular a surface temperature of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall, and generating, in particular an electrical temperature measurement signal, which follows a change in the temperature T w as a function of at least one signal parameter.

[0069] According to a tenth development of the application, the method further comprises using a temperature sensor, which is thermally coupled to a lateral surface of the wall, for generating a temperature measurement signal.

[0070] According to an eleventh development of the application, the method further comprises using the temperature measurement signal for ascertaining at least one wall temperature value X Tw .

[0071] In a twelfth development of the application, the measuring system comprises a vibration exciter for exciting a mechanical vibration of the line, and at least two vibration sensors for ascertaining a mechanical vibration of the line and for converting said vibration into a vibration signal. Furthermore, the vibration exciter as well as the first and second vibration sensors can be electrically connected to the measuring system electronics, and the measuring system electronics can be configured to feed electrical power into the vibration exciter by means of an electrical excitation signal which can be used to cause a mechanical vibration of the line, and to receive and evaluate the vibration signals of the vibration sensors, for example, to digitize and / or ascertain density values, and / or viscosity values X μ , and / or differential pressure values X Δp , and / or mass flow values and / or Reynolds numbers X Re on the basis of the vibration signals or on the basis of the vibration signals and the electrical excitation signal.

[0072] According to a thirteenth development of the application, the measuring system comprises a first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor for ascertaining a differential pressure which is inserted in the wall of the line at a distance from one another in the flow direction. Furthermore, the first and second pressure sensors can be electrically connected to the measuring system electronics, and the measuring system electronics can be configured to ascertain the differential pressure value XΔp for example, the viscosity value X μ and / or the rate value X U .

[0073] The basic idea of the present application is to ascertain the (additional) heating of the measured substance flowing in the line by converting the kinetic energy of the flowing measured substance into thermal energy due to the friction processes within the measured substance flowing through the line or between the flowing measured substance and the wall of the line by means of further material and flow parameters of the measured substance, i.e. its density, its viscosity, its thermal conductivity, its heat capacity and the pressure difference, and to take this into account accordingly when ascertaining the temperature of the measured substance on the basis of the wall temperature. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0074] The exemplary embodiments shown in the following figures based on the drawings illustrate the present application and advantageous embodiments thereof in more detail. In all figures, parts which are identical or identically acting or identically functioning are provided with the same reference signs; the previously mentioned reference signs are omitted in the subsequent figures for reasons of clarity or if it appears to be sensible for other reasons. Further advantageous embodiments or developments, in particular combinations of initially only individually explained partial aspects of the present application, moreover emerge from the individual figures of the drawings and / or from the claims themselves.

[0075] In particular:

[0076] Figure 1 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a measuring system for measuring the temperature of a fluid measured substance conducted in a line according to the present application;

[0077] Figure 2 and Figure 3 schematically shows a variant of the measuring system according to the present application according to Figure 1 ; and

[0078] Figure 4 schematically shows an additional variant of the measuring device according to the present application. Particular embodiments

[0079] Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 each schematically shows a measuring system with a (fluid) line or a corresponding (measuring) arrangement which serves to ascertain the temperature T M of a fluid measured substance FL, for example a gas, a liquid or a dispersion, conducted in a line 111. The line 111 has a tube cavity enclosed by a wall, for example a metal wall, and can be designed, for example, as a (metal) tube. For example, the measured substance temperature T MThe core temperature of the measured substance can be a temperature located on or in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis of the lumen. According to one embodiment of the application, the wall of the line comprises a metal, for example steel, a titanium alloy, a tantalum alloy or a zirconium alloy, and / or the wall thickness of the wall of the line is not less than 0.5 mm, for example also more than 1 mm, and / or not more than 5 mm, for example also less than 3 mm. The line can also be a component of a (pipe) line system, and / or can be a component of a measuring system, for example also an electronic vibration measuring system and / or a measuring system which can be used within the length of the line, which is used to ascertain the temperature T M of the measured substance. Thus, as Figure 2 or Figure 3 further shown, the measuring system can also be formed, for example, by one of the industrial measuring systems disclosed in the aforementioned EP-A 919 793, US-A 2008 / 0127745, US-A 2008 / 0115577, US-A 2011 / 0113896, US-A 2017 / 0074701, US-A 2017 / 0074730, US-A 47 68 384, US-B 65 133393, US-B 66 51 513, US-B 70 17 242, US-B 70 40 179, US-B 74 06 878, US-B 87 57 007, US-B 86 71 776, US-B 8924 165, WO-A 95 / 08758, WO-A 01 / 02816, WO-A 2009 / 051588, WO-A 2009 / 134268, WO-A 2012 / 018323, WO-A 2012 / 033504, WO-A 2012 / 067608, WO-A 2012 / 115639, WO-A 2015 / 099933 or WO-A 2017 / 131546, or also designed as a compact measuring device and / or an electronic vibration measuring system, which in turn is correspondingly configured to conduct the measured substance or a partial volume thereof during operation, or the line can be a component of a differential pressure measuring device and / or a Coriolis mass flow measuring device, in particular a Coriolis mass flow / density measuring device, a Coriolis mass flow / density / viscosity measuring device, a Coriolis mass flow / seal / differential pressure measuring device, or a Coriolis mass flow / seal / viscosity / differential pressure measuring device.

[0080] In order to ascertain the temperature T M of the measured substance, according to the application, the measured substance is supplied by the line in a predetermined flow direction, for example, at a flow speed U of more than 0.1 m / s and / or at a mass flow -1 of more than 0.01 kg s , and, asFigure 1 The wall temperature value X w , i.e. the temperature of the wall, is to be ascertained Tw . For example, the wall temperature T w to be ascertained can be a surface temperature, i.e. a temperature of the wall on a surface of the wall facing away from the tube cavity (lateral surface), or for example a temperature within the wall, or a temperature on a surface of the wall facing the tube cavity (inner surface). Alternatively or additionally, the wall temperature T w to be ascertained can also be a (wall) temperature of a hollow cylindrical section of the wall of the line. Thus, according to a further embodiment of the application, the wall temperature value X Tw is ascertained as a wall temperature T w of a hollow cylindrical section of the wall, for example, i.e. as a surface temperature, and / or in order to ascertain the at least wall temperature value X Tw , a surface temperature of the wall is ascertained. According to a further embodiment of the application, it is furthermore provided that the wall temperature T w , for example, i.e. a surface temperature of the wall and / or a temperature at a hollow cylindrical section of the wall, is ascertained by means of a temperature sensor 21 and is converted into an electrical temperature measurement signal θ1 which follows the change in the (wall) temperature as a function of the change in at least one signal parameter, in particular also, i.e. also the temperature measurement signal θ1 is used for ascertaining the at least one wall temperature value X Tw . In particular, it is further provided for this purpose that a temperature sensor which is thermally coupled to the lateral surface of the wall, for example, i.e. which is attached to the wall by material bonding or frictional bonding, is used to generate the temperature measurement signal θ1.

[0081] The unavoidable friction processes within the measured substance flowing through the line or between the flowing measured substance and the wall of the line lead to the fact that the kinetic energy of the flowing measured substance is converted into thermal energy and, thus, by dissipation, a (additional) heating is generated in the measured substance flowing in the line, for example, i.e. in a partial volume of the flowing measured substance which is located close to the wall; and this regularly occurs such that a temperature difference is established between the wall temperature and the measured substance temperature along the same radius of the line, and / or the wall temperature T w is higher than the measured substance temperature T M (T M < T w ). In particular for the measured substance temperature T M to be ascertained, the aforementioned dissipation can cause this to be more than 1 K below the (measured) wall temperature T w . The aforementioned friction processes can also be particularly pronounced, in particular, when the measured substance flowing in the line has a velocity of more than 0.1 m·s -1 in particular more than 1 m·s -1This applies when the flow rate U is such, and / or when the analyte flowing in the pipeline has a concentration greater than 0.01 kg·s. -1 For example, it is also greater than 0.1 kg·s -1 mass flow rate This is true, and / or when the analyte FL flowing in the pipeline has a Reynolds number Re greater than 100, especially greater than 1000. The Reynolds number Re of the analyte flowing in the pipeline is a dimensionless parameter for fluids, known to be defined as the ratio between inertial forces and toughness forces in the flowing fluid, which also corresponds in particular to a formula that depends on the characteristic length L or A:

[0082]

[0083] Furthermore, the aforementioned frictional process may also be observed, particularly in the case of the tested material, where the specific heat capacity c p Not less than 1 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 And / or wherein the thermal conductivity λ is not less than 0.1 W·m -1 ·K -1 And / or wherein the viscosity μ is greater than 1 mPa·s, especially greater than 10 mPa·s, and / or wherein the density ρ is greater than 500 kg·m³ -3 .

[0084] In order to determine the temperature T of the measured substance according to the present invention M Taking into account the aforementioned friction process or related dissipation, at least one density value X representing the density ρ of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline was also identified. ρ Together with at least one viscosity value X representing the viscosity μ of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline, especially the effective dynamic viscosity. μ , representing at least one thermal conductivity value X of the substance being measured, which is λ. λ , which represents the specific heat capacity c of the substance being measured. p At least one heat capacity value X cp And at least one pressure difference value X representing the pressure difference Δp established within the measured substance flowing in the pipeline along the flow direction. Δp In particular, this refers to the difference between the first static pressure p1 established in the flowing analyte and the second static pressure p2 established downstream of the first static pressure p1 in the flowing medium. The viscosity μ of the analyte can also typically be defined or determined, for example, as the effective viscosity μ, such that it corresponds to the consistency K of the analyte flowing in the pipeline and the shear rate of the analyte flowing in the pipeline. And the formula for calculating the flow index n of the analyte flowing in the pipeline:

[0085]

[0086] The consistency K of the analyte flowing in the pipeline is further defined as the shear stress τ and the shear rate in the analyte. The ratio between them, and therefore corresponding to the calculation rules:

[0087]

[0088] The aforementioned density value X ρ Viscosity value X μ Thermal conductivity value X λ Heat capacity X cp and / or differential pressure value X Δp For example, it can also be a digital value or a digital measurement value. In the aforementioned case where the measurement system is formed by or designed as a component of a Coriolis mass flow measurement device, the Coriolis mass flow measurement device can also be configured to determine the aforementioned density value X. ρ And / or the Coriolis mass flow measurement device can be configured to determine the aforementioned viscosity value X μ And / or the Coriolis mass flow measurement device can be configured to determine the aforementioned pressure difference value X Δp Using this measurement system also has the following particular advantages: density value X ρ It can be precisely determined such that its deviation from the (true or actual) density ρ of the measured substance does not exceed 0.5% of the density ρ (f ρ <0.5%), or differential pressure value X Δp It can be accurately determined such that its deviation from the (true or actual) pressure difference Δp does not exceed 15% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp <15%), and / or viscosity value X μ The deviation from the (true or actual) viscosity μ of the measured substance shall not exceed 15% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ <15%). The differential pressure measuring device can also be used, for example, as a component of a system formed by means of a differential pressure measuring device or designed as such, to determine the differential pressure value X. Δp This is a replacement or supplement to the aforementioned Coriolis mass flow measurement device. Using such a measurement system also has particular advantages, such as: differential pressure value X Δp It can be precisely determined such that its deviation from the (true or actual) pressure difference Δp does not exceed 5% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp <5%). For example, it is also possible to determine the specific thermal conductivity value (X). λ ) or heat capacity (X) cp Determine the thermal conductivity value X specific to the specific test substance in advance and / or, given prior knowledge of the existing test substance. λ and / or heat capacity Xcp and optionally also the aforementioned flow index n, and which flow index (n) can also optionally be read from a (value) table assigned to the particular measured substance, which is also optionally reproduced, for example, regularly and / or as a result of a change or replacement of the measured substance in the line.

[0089] According to the application, the density value X ρ , the viscosity value X μ , the pressure difference value X Δp , the thermal conductivity value and the heat capacity value are further also used to ascertain at least one characteristic number value X V of a measured substance characteristic number V which characterizes the heating of the measured substance flowing in the line by dissipation, for example, in a portion volume of the flowing measured substance which is located close to the wall. In order to process the density value X ρ , the viscosity value X μ , the pressure difference value X Δp , the thermal conductivity value and the heat capacity value X cp , or in order to calculate the characteristic number value X V , the measuring system can further comprise corresponding (measuring system) electronics 20 which, for example, generate digital measurement values and / or are formed by means of a microprocessor, which in turn can be accommodated in a separate (electronics) protective housing 200. For example, the (electronics) protective housing 200 can be designed to be impact-resistant and / or explosion-proof, and / or can be configured to protect the (measuring system) electronics from dust and / or splashing water. According to a further embodiment of the application, the (measuring system) electronics 20 is specifically designed to ascertain at least one measured substance temperature value X TM .

[0090] For example, the (measuring system) electronics 20 can also have a non-volatile data memory (EEPROM) for storing digital data, in particular digital (measurement) values. In a further embodiment of the application, the data memory is configured to hold at least one thermal conductivity value X λ and / or at least one heat capacity value X cp . Thus, the aforementioned (value) table for the specific thermal conductivity value and / or the specific heat capacity value and / or the (value) table for the flow index can also be stored in the data memory, so that at least one specific thermal conductivity value (X λ ) and / or at least one specific heat capacity value (X cp ) and / or a specific flow index (n) can be assigned to an entry for a particular measured substance and read out for calculating the characteristic number value X V . Furthermore, at least one wall temperature value X Tw , at least one density value X ρ , at least one viscosity value X μand / or at least one differential pressure value X Δp and / or at least one characteristic number value X V and / or at least one measured substance temperature value X TM may also be stored (immediately) in the non-volatile data memory. For the provision of the temperature sensor 21 for acquiring the wall temperature T w and for generating a temperature measurement signal θ1 representing it, the (measuring system) electronics 20 can also be electrically connected to the temperature sensor, for example by means of an electrical connection line, and the (measuring system) electronics 20 can also be configured to receive and evaluate said temperature measurement signal θ1, for example to digitalize and / or ascertain the wall temperature value X Tw based on the temperature measurement signal θ1. For the further aforementioned case in which the measuring system is formed by a Coriolis mass flow measuring device, the (measuring system) electronics 20 can also be a component of said Coriolis mass flow measuring device, just like the pipe, or, for the case in question in which the measuring system is formed by a differential pressure measuring device, the (measuring system) electronics 20 can also be part of said differential pressure measuring device.

[0091] According to the application, the aforementioned measured substance characteristic number V corresponds to a calculation formula determined by an Eckert number Ec of the measured substance flowing in the pipe, a Prandtl number Pr of the measured substance flowing in the pipe and a pressure loss coefficient ζ of the pipe, and by a first exponent a specific to the pipe, a second exponent b specific to the pipe and a third exponent c specific to the pipe:

[0092] V = f (Δp, p, μ, λ, c p ) = Pr a · Ec b · ζ c (4)

[0093] In general, the exponent a exceeds 0.1 and is less than 0.5, in particular, namely 0.3. The exponents b and c can in turn each exceed 0.8 and be less than 1.2, for example, namely the same, and / or can each be 1.

[0094] Using the aforementioned wall temperature value X Tw and the ascertained characteristic number value X V , at least one measured substance temperature value X M representing the temperature T TM of the measured substance, for example its core temperature, has been ascertained according to the application; this, for example, so that the measured substance temperature value X TM fulfils a calculation rule which depends in particular on both the characteristic number value X V and the wall temperature value X Tw :

[0095] XTM = X TW - (k1 · X V + k2) = X TW - X ΔT (5)

[0096] The aforementioned calculation rule for the wall temperature value X Tw can be further parameterized by a line-specific first coefficient k1 and a line-specific second coefficient k2. For a particular measurement system, the coefficients k1, k2 can be (calibration) constants which are ascertained in advance, for example, in a calibration under reference conditions, wherein the coefficient k1 is typically not less than 0.5 K (Kelvin) and not more than 1.5 K, and / or wherein the coefficient k2 is typically not less than -0.2 K and not more than 0.2 K, can also optionally, i.e. if desired, be set to zero. According to a further embodiment of the application, the characteristic value X V and the line-specific first coefficient k1 and the line-specific second coefficient k2 are dimensioned such that, in particular in the case of a flowing measured substance and / or in the case where the measured substance temperature value X TM represents the core temperature of the measured substance, the measured substance temperature value X TM is less than the wall temperature value X Tw (X TM < X Tw ).

[0097] The Prandtl number Pr of a measured substance flowing in a line is a dimensionless parameter for a fluid which is known to be defined as the ratio between the viscosity μ and the thermal conductivity λ, thus corresponding to the calculation formula:

[0098]

[0099] or, when using the effective viscosity, correspondingly to the calculation formula:

[0100]

[0101] The Eckert number Ec of a measured substance flowing in a line is also a dimensionless parameter for a fluid which is defined as the ratio between the kinetic energy of the flowing measured substance and the enthalpy difference established between the measured substance and the wall, or corresponds to the calculation formula:

[0102]

[0103] Where, when determining the measured substance temperature T M according to the application, the temperature difference ΔT to be used therefor can easily be assumed to be constant, for example, set to 1 K, so that the Eckert number Ec can also correspond to the simplified calculation formula:

[0104]

[0105] For example, where k3 = 1 K -1 Likewise, the aforementioned pressure loss coefficient ζ of the measured substance flowing in the line is also dimensionless. In the present case, this is a measure of the pressure loss in or along the line through which the flow passes, wherein the pressure loss coefficient ζ (occasionally also referred to as pressure loss or resistance coefficient) corresponds to the calculation formula:

[0106]

[0107] The characteristic number V of the measured substance can therefore also be defined by the following calculation formula:

[0108]

[0109] In order to determine the characteristic number value X V According to a further embodiment of the application, at least one rate value X U is also determined, which represents, for example, the average or maximum flow rate U of the measured substance flowing in the line, and the parameter value X V is ascertained on the basis of the aforementioned calculation formula (11) such that the characteristic number value X V satisfies the calculation rule:

[0110]

[0111] wherein a line-specific third coefficient k3 corresponds to the aforementioned temperature difference ΔT (k3 = ΔT -1 = k Ec ).

[0112] For the aforementioned typical case, in which the index b can be set equal to the index c, the critical value V of the measured substance accordingly also corresponds to a calculation formula which is simplified compared to the calculation formula (11), in particular, which is independent of the flow rate U:

[0113]

[0114] For example, i.e. also to a further simplified calculation formula:

[0115]

[0116] The characteristic number V of the measured substance can therefore also be defined by one of the simplified calculation formulas (13) or (14). On the basis thereof, the characteristic number value X V can therefore also be ascertained such that it satisfies a simpler calculation rule compared to the aforementioned calculation rule (12):

[0117]

[0118] or

[0119]

[0120] For example, i.e.

[0121]

[0122] According to a further embodiment of the application, it is further provided that a first static pressure pi established in the flowing measured substance FL in the line 111 is ascertained and a second static pressure p2 established in the flowing measured substance downstream thereof in flow direction, and in addition, on the basis of the detected first and second static pressures, at least a pressure difference value X Δp , for example, also a viscosity value X μ and / or the aforementioned rate value X U . The first static pressure pi and the second static pressure p2 or the pressure difference Δp (Δp = pi - p2) as indicated further above in Figure 4 may be ascertained, for example, by means of two pressure sensors 51, 52 which are spaced apart from one another in the wall of the line in flow direction and which, for example, can be electrically connected to the aforementioned (measurement system) electronics 20 and / or can also be part of the aforementioned pressure difference measuring device. Thus, the (measurement system) electronics 20 can also be configured, in addition, to ascertain the pressure difference value X Δp , for example, also a viscosity value X μ and / or the aforementioned rate value X U by using pressure measurement signals generated by means of the aforementioned pressure sensors, possibly also digital pressure sensors.

[0123] As mentioned, inter alia, in the above-mentioned US-B 8757007, US-B 8671776 or US-B 8924165, the aforementioned pressure loss coefficient ζ of the flowing measured substance in the line can also correspond to the calculation formula:

[0124] ζ = k41 + k42 - Re k43 (18) or the pressure difference Δp also corresponds to the calculation formula:

[0125]

[0126] Alternatively, taking into account the aforementioned calculation formula (1), for example, also to the calculation formula:

[0127]

[0128] Furthermore, the pressure difference value X can be ascertained on the basis of the mass flow Δp of the flowing measured substance, the density p and the viscosity μ and / or the Reynolds number Re, or the measured substance characteristic number V can thus also be defined by the following calculation formula:

[0129]

[0130] Alternatively, with the same indices b and c, it is also possible to define by the following calculation formula:

[0131]

[0132] As a result, it is thus also possible to ascertain both the pressure loss coefficient ζ and the pressure difference Δp on the basis of such a measured variable, which can be measured, for example, by means of an electronic vibration measuring system, for example, namely also a (conventional) Coriolis mass flow measuring device.

[0133] According to a further embodiment of the application, it is thus further provided that at least one mass flow value representing the mass flow of the measured substance flowing in the line and / or at least one Reynolds number value X Re representing the Reynolds number Re of the measured substance flowing in the line is ascertained. According to the calculation formula (1), the Reynolds number value X Re may be ascertained, for example, such that it satisfies the calculation rule:

[0134]

[0135] or the calculation formula:

[0136]

[0137] where the coefficient k61 corresponds to the aforementioned characteristic length L or the coefficient k62 corresponds to the aforementioned characteristic length A. Together with the density value X ρ , the at least one Reynolds number value X Re and the aforementioned mass flow value it is then possible to calculate both the pressure loss coefficient value X ζ and the pressure difference value X Δp , for example, such that the pressure loss coefficient value X ζ satisfies the calculation rule:

[0138]

[0139] and / or the pressure difference value X Δp satisfies the calculation rule:

[0140]

[0141] If necessary, it is also possible to use the at least one mass flow value and the at least one density value X ρ to ascertain the velocity value X U on the basis of this calculation rule:

[0142]

[0143] The aforementioned coefficients k41, k42, k43, k51, k52, k61, k62, and k7 are also pipeline-specific or measurement system-specific (calibration) constants in each case. Like the aforementioned coefficients k1 and k2, they can be identified in advance for a specific measurement system, for example, by calibrating the measurement system under reference conditions, such as during calibration at the manufacturer's facility and / or during (re)calibration of the measurement system in the field.

[0144] According to another embodiment of the present invention, it is further specified that the method for determining the density value X is... ρ And / or used to determine viscosity value X μ And / or used to determine the differential pressure value X Δp And / or the aforementioned mass flow rate value X m and / or a pre-specified Reynolds value X Re The pipeline is subjected to vibration; this, for example, causes pipeline 111 to be actively excited to a useful vibration, namely, a mechanical vibration about a relevant static rest position having at least one vibration frequency corresponding to or only slightly deviating from a resonant frequency that is inherent to the pipeline—for example, depending on the density ρ of the measured material FL flowing in pipeline 111. The active excitation of the mechanical vibration of pipeline 111, and therefore the excitation of the useful vibration, can occur, as... Figure 3 Additionally, as shown, for example, vibration can occur via at least one electromechanical vibration exciter 31, which acts on the pipeline 111 and is designed to convert electrical energy into a mechanical driving force acting in the vibration of the pipeline 111 and introduce said driving force into the pipeline 111, and / or, in the aforementioned case where the measurement system is formed by means of a Coriolis mass flow meter, the pipeline 111 can be a component of the Coriolis mass flow meter. Alternatively or additionally, at least one vibration exciter 31 can be further electrically connected, for example, by means of an electrical connection wire, to the aforementioned (measurement system) electronics 20, and the (measurement system) electronics can be configured to feed the power required to induce the mechanical oscillation of the pipeline to the vibration exciter 31 by means of an electrical excitation signal e1. Furthermore, it is specified that the aforementioned mechanical vibration of the pipeline is detected, and as... Figure 3 The signals, as indicated in the diagram, are converted into vibration signals s1 and s2, for example, electrical vibration measurement signals representing the vibrational movement of the pipeline, wherein in each case, the voltage of the electrical signal depends on the rate of vibrational movement of the pipeline; and this specifically ensures that a mass flow rate of the analyte FL flowing in the pipeline 111 is established between the vibration signals s1 and s2, depending on the mass flow rate of the analyte FL flowing in the pipeline 111. The phase difference and / or each of the vibration signals s1 and s2 has a signal frequency that depends on the density ρ of the measured substance FL flowing in the pipeline 111. According to another embodiment of the invention, by means of two vibration sensors 41 and 42 respectively arranged at a distance in the flow direction on or near the pipeline, for example, electric or optical, the mechanical vibration of the pipeline, in particular the aforementioned useful vibration, is detected and the vibration is converted into a corresponding vibration signal. In the aforementioned case where the measurement system is formed by means of a Coriolis mass flow measurement device, the two vibration sensors can be, like the pipeline, also, for example, part of the Coriolis mass flow measurement device. Alternatively or additionally, the vibration sensors can be further electrically connected, for example, by means of an electrical connection wire to the aforementioned (measurement system) electronics 20, and the (measurement system) electronics 20 can be configured to receive and evaluate the vibration signals of the vibration sensors 41 and 42, for example, digitizing and / or determining the density value X based on the vibration signals s1 and s2 or based on the vibration signals s1 and s2 together with the aforementioned electrical excitation signal. ρ and / or viscosity value X μ and / or differential pressure value X Δp and / or the aforementioned mass flow rate values And / or the aforementioned Reynolds value X Re .

[0145] As already mentioned, a particular objective of the present invention is especially—or rather, the measurement system according to the invention is suitable such that—compared to conventional measurement systems or methods, it is possible to determine the temperature T of the measured substance. M This achieves greater measurement accuracy; and in particular, it enables the determination of the temperature value X of the measured substance according to the present invention. TM Compared with the actual or real temperature of the measured substance T M The deviation is less than 3K, especially less than 1K, particularly at the temperature value X of the measured substance. TM In the case of core temperature, the method according to the invention also has the particular advantage of: if the density value X ρ The deviation from the (true or actual) density ρ of the measured substance shall not exceed 0.5% (f) of the density ρ. ρ <0.5%) and / or if the differential pressure value X Δp The deviation from the (true or actual) pressure difference Δp shall not exceed 15% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp <15%), and / or if viscosity value X μ The deviation from the (true or actual) viscosity μ of the measured substance shall not exceed 15% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ <15%), and / or if the thermal conductivity value X λ The deviation from the (true or actual) thermal conductivity λ of the measured material shall not exceed 50% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ<50%), and / or if the heat capacity X cp The (true or actual) specific heat capacity c of the substance being measured p The deviation does not exceed the specific heat capacity c p 50% (f cp If the temperature T of the measured substance is less than 50%, it is also possible to determine the temperature T of the measured substance. M High measurement accuracy is desired; and this is especially true in the case of density value X. ρ The deviation from the (true or actual) density ρ of the measured substance exceeds 0.1% (f) of the density ρ. ρ >0.1%), and / or viscosity value X μ The deviation from the (true or actual) viscosity μ of the measured substance exceeds 2% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ >2%), and / or differential pressure X Δp The deviation from the (true or actual) pressure difference Δp exceeds 5% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp >5%), and / or thermal conductivity value X λ The deviation from the (true or actual) thermal conductivity λ of the measured material exceeds 5% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ >5%), and / or heat capacity X cp The (true or actual) specific heat capacity c of the substance being measured p The deviation exceeds the specific heat capacity c p 5% (f cp >5%). Based on the invention, the temperature T of the measured substance was determined. M In this situation, and especially when the core temperature is problematic as mentioned above, the specific heat capacity c is... p Not exceeding 5 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 And / or ensure that the thermal conductivity λ of the measured material does not exceed 1 W·m. -1 ·K -1 And / or make the density ρ of the substance being tested less than 2000 kg·m -3 It could also be beneficial.

Claims

1. A method for determining the temperature T of a substance being measured. M That is, the method of conducting the temperature of the measured substance (FL) in the pipeline (111), wherein, The pipeline has a lumen enclosed by a wall, and the method includes: - Allow the substance to be tested to flow through the pipeline in a predetermined direction; - Determine at least one wall temperature T w That is, the wall temperature value X represents the temperature of the wall. Tw ; - Determine the density value X of the substance being tested flowing in the pipeline. ρ At least one density ρ; - Determine at least one viscosity value X representing the viscosity μ of the substance being tested flowing in the pipeline. μ ; - Determine at least one thermal conductivity value X representing the thermal conductivity λ of the measured substance. λ ; - Determine the specific heat capacity c of the substance being tested. p At least one heat capacity value X cp ; - Identify at least one pressure difference X representing the pressure difference Δp established in the analyte flowing in the pipeline along the said flow direction. Δp ; - The at least one density value, the at least one viscosity value X μ The at least one differential pressure value X Δp The at least one thermal conductivity value X λ and the at least one heat capacity value X cp At least one characteristic value X used to determine the characteristic number V of the analyte. V The characteristic number V of the analyte characterizes the heating of the analyte flowing in the pipeline due to dissipation, wherein the characteristic number V corresponds to the following calculation formula, which is determined by the Eckert number Ec of the analyte flowing in the pipeline, the Prandtl number Pr of the analyte flowing in the pipeline, and the pressure loss coefficient ζ of the pipeline, and by a pipeline-specific first exponent a, a pipeline-specific second exponent b, and a pipeline-specific third exponent c: V=f(Δp,ρ,μ,λ,c p )=Pr a ·Ec b ·g c ; -and X the at least one feature value V and the at least one wall temperature value X Tw Used to determine the temperature T of the measured substance M At least one temperature value X of the measured substance TM Wherein, the temperature value X of the substance being measured TM Satisfaction depends on the feature value X V and the wall temperature value X Tw Both are parameterized by the following calculation rules using a pipeline-specific first coefficient k1 and a pipeline-specific second coefficient k2: X TM =X TW -(k1·X V +k2)=X TW -X ΔT 。 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The temperature of the substance being measured (FL) is the core temperature.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The pipeline is a pipe.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The wall is a metal wall.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The substance to be tested flows through the pipeline at a velocity U exceeding 0.1 m / s along a predetermined flow direction.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The at least one wall temperature T w The wall temperature value X represents the temperature on the surface of the wall facing away from the lumen, on the surface of the wall facing the lumen, or within the wall. Tw .

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The viscosity μ is the effective dynamic viscosity.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The pressure difference Δp established in the analyte flowing in the pipeline along the flow direction is the difference between the first static pressure p1 established in the flowing analyte and the second static pressure p2 established downstream of the first static pressure p1 in the flowing analyte.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The analyte characteristic number V represents the heating of the analyte flowing in the pipeline caused by dissipation in a portion of the volume of the flowing analyte located near the wall.

10. The method according to claim 1, -in, The first coefficient k1 and the second coefficient k2 are predetermined calibration constants; and / or Wherein, the first coefficient k1 is not less than 0.5K (Kelvin) and does not exceed 1.5K; and / or - Wherein, the second coefficient k2 is not less than -0.2K and does not exceed 0.2K.

11. The method according to claim 10, - Wherein, the second coefficient k2 is equal to 0.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -in, The first index a is greater than 0.1 and less than 0.5, and / or -Where the second index b is greater than 0.8 and less than 1.2, and / or - Wherein, the third index c is greater than 0.8 and less than 1.

2.

13. The method according to claim 12, -in, The first exponent a is 0.3, and / or -Where the second exponent b is 1, and / or - Wherein, the third exponent c is 1.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The second index b is equal to the third index c.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The feature value X V The following calculation formula must be satisfied: Here, k3 is a pipeline-specific third coefficient.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein, The second exponent b equals one.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -in, The specific heat capacity c of the substance being tested p Not less than 1 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 And not exceeding 5 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 ; and / or Wherein, the thermal conductivity λ of the substance being tested is not less than 0.1 W·m. -1 ·K -1 And not exceeding 1 W·m -1 ·K -1 ; and / or - Wherein, the viscosity μ of the substance being tested is greater than 1 mPa·s; and / or - Wherein, the density ρ of the substance being tested is greater than 500 kg·m³. -3 and / or less than 2000 kg·m -3 ; and / or - Wherein, the substance being measured flowing in the pipeline has a velocity greater than 0.1 m·s. -11 The flow rate U; and / or - Wherein, the substance being tested flowing in the pipeline has a concentration greater than 0.01 kg·s. -1 mass flow rate and / or - wherein the substance being tested flowing in the pipeline has a Reynolds number Re greater than 100.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The viscosity μ of the substance being tested is greater than 10 mPa·s.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The flow rate U is either average or maximum.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein, The flow velocity U is greater than 1 m·s -1 .

21. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The mass flow rate Greater than 0.1 kg·s -1 .

22. The method according to claim 17, wherein, The Reynolds number Re is greater than 1000.

23. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: Identify at least one Reynolds value X representing the Reynolds number Re of the substance being measured flowing in the pipeline. Re .

24. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: Determine the mass flow rate of the analyte flowing in the pipeline. At least one mass flow rate value 25. The method according to claim 23, -Where, the pressure difference value X Δp The following calculation rules must be met: and / or -wherein, the Reynolds value X Re The following calculation rules must be met: Among them, k41, k42, k43, k51, k52, and k62 are pipeline-specific or measurement system-specific calibration constants.

26. The method according to claim 23, wherein, Pressure loss coefficient value X ζ The following calculation rules must be met: Among them, k41, k42, and k43 are pipeline-specific or measurement system-specific calibration constants.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: Identify at least one velocity value X representing the average or maximum flow velocity U of the measured substance flowing in the pipeline. U .

28. The method according to claim 27, -Where, the pressure loss coefficient value X ζ The following calculation rules must be met: and / or -wherein, the feature value X V The following calculation rules must be met:

29. The method according to claim 23, wherein, The Reynolds value X Re The following calculation rules must be met: Here, k61 is a pipeline-specific or measurement system-specific calibration constant.

30. The method according to claim 27, wherein, The rate value X U The following calculation rules must be met: Here, k7 is a pipeline-specific or measurement system-specific calibration constant.

31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -in, The density value X ρ The deviation from the (true) density ρ of the measured substance shall not exceed 0.5% (f) of the density ρ. ρ <0.5%); and / or -Where, the pressure difference value X Δp The deviation from the (true) pressure difference Δp shall not exceed 15% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp <15%); and / or -Where, the viscosity value X μ The deviation from the (true) viscosity μ of the tested substance shall not exceed 15% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ <15%); and / or -Wherein lies the thermal conductivity value X λ The deviation from the (true) thermal conductivity λ of the tested material shall not exceed 50% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ <50%); and / or -Where, the heat capacity value X cp The (true) specific heat capacity c of the substance being tested p The deviation does not exceed the specific heat capacity c. p 50% (f cp <50%).

32. The method according to claim 31, -in, The density value X ρ The deviation from the (true) density ρ of the measured substance exceeds 0.1% (f) of the density ρ. ρ >0.1%); and / or -Where, the pressure difference value X Δp The deviation from the (true) pressure difference Δp exceeds 5% (f) of the pressure difference Δp. Δp >5%); and / or -Where, the viscosity value X μ The deviation from the (true) viscosity μ of the tested substance exceeds 2% (f) of the viscosity μ. μ >2%); and / or -Wherein lies the thermal conductivity value X λ The deviation from the (true) thermal conductivity λ of the tested material exceeds 5% (f) of the thermal conductivity λ. λ >5%); and / or -Where, the heat capacity value X cp The (true) specific heat capacity c of the substance being tested p The deviation exceeds the specific heat capacity c p 5% (f cp >5%).

33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The temperature value X of the substance being measured TM The true temperature T of the measured substance M The deviation is less than 2K.

34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The temperature value X of the substance being measured TM The true temperature T of the measured substance M The deviation is less than 1K.

35. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -in, The wall temperature T w (T M <T w The temperature T of the measured substance M Large; and / or -Where, the temperature value X of the substance being measured TM Less than the wall temperature value X Tw (X TM <X Tw ); and / or -Where, the temperature value X of the substance being measured TM This indicates the core temperature of the substance being measured.

36. The method according to claim 35, -in, The wall temperature T w (T M <T w The temperature T of the measured substance M It exceeds 1K.

37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -Where, the wall temperature value X Tw The temperature T represents the temperature of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall. w ; and / or -in, In order to determine the at least one wall temperature value X Tw The surface temperature of the wall was determined.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, -Where, the wall temperature value X Tw Indicates the surface temperature of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall; and / or -in, In order to determine the at least one wall temperature value X Tw The surface temperature on the hollow cylindrical section of the wall was determined.

39. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: Determine the flow index n of the substance being tested flowing in the pipeline.

40. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, - wherein the wall of the pipeline comprises metal; and / or -in, The wall thickness of the pipeline is not less than 0.5 mm and / or not more than 5 mm.

41. The method according to claim 40, -The wall of the pipeline comprises steel, titanium alloy, tantalum alloy or zirconium alloy.

42. The method according to claim 40, - Wherein, the wall thickness of the pipeline is greater than 1 mm and / or less than 3 mm.

43. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, Used to determine the density value and / or the viscosity value and / or the pressure difference value X Δp The pipeline was subjected to vibration.

44. The method according to claim 43, wherein, Used to determine the density value and / or the viscosity value and / or the pressure difference value X Δp The pipeline is actively excited to vibrate mechanically by means of an electromechanical vibration exciter using a Coriolis mass flow / density measuring device.

45. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: The Coriolis mass flow / density measurement device was used to determine the density value X. ρ And / or used to determine the viscosity value X μ And / or used to determine the pressure difference value X Δp .

46. ​​The method according to claim 45, wherein, The pipeline is a component of the Coriolis mass flow / density measurement device.

47. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: The differential pressure measuring device is used to determine the differential pressure value X. Δp .

48. The method according to claim 47, wherein, The pipeline is a component of the differential pressure measuring device.

49. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: - Determine the first static pressure established in the flowing analyte, and the second static pressure established downstream of the flowing analyte along the flow direction. - and the pressure difference value X is determined based on the determined first static pressure and the determined second static pressure. Δp .

50. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: - Determine the temperature T of the wall. w , - and the temperature T following the variation with at least one signal parameter. w Changes in temperature generate a temperature measurement signal.

51. The method according to claim 50, wherein, The temperature T of the wall w It is the surface temperature of the hollow cylindrical section of the wall.

52. The method according to claim 50, wherein, The temperature measurement signal is an electrical signal.

53. The method of claim 50, further comprising: - A temperature sensor thermally coupled to the lateral surface of the wall is used to generate the temperature measurement signal; and / or - Use the temperature measurement signal to determine the at least one wall temperature value X Tw .

54. A measurement system configured to implement the method of claim 53, the measurement system comprising: A measuring and operating electronic device, which is electrically connected to the temperature sensor.

55. The measurement system according to claim 54, wherein, The measurement system is an electronic vibration measurement system.

56. The measurement system according to claim 54, wherein, The measuring and operating electronics are formed by means of at least one microprocessor.

57. The measurement system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein, The measuring and operating electronics are configured to determine the temperature value X of the at least one measured substance. TM .

58. The measurement system according to claim 57, -in, The measuring and operating electronics are configured to determine the at least one wall temperature value X. Tw ; and / or - wherein the measuring and operating electronic device is configured to determine at least one characteristic value X of the characteristic number V of the analyte. V .

59. The measurement system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, further comprising: - Vibration exciter (31), the vibration exciter (31) being used to excite the mechanical vibration of the pipeline (111), - and a first vibration sensor and a second vibration sensor (41, 42), the first vibration sensor and the second vibration sensor (41, 42) being used to detect the mechanical vibration of the pipeline (111) and to convert the vibration into a first vibration signal or a second vibration signal (s1; s2).

60. The measurement system according to claim 59, -The vibration exciter (31), the first vibration sensor, and the second vibration sensor (41, 42) are all electrically connected to the electronic device of the measurement system. -and among them, The electronic devices of the measurement system are configured to --Electrical power that can cause mechanical vibration of the pipeline is fed to the vibration exciter (31) by means of an electrical excitation signal (e1). --and receiving and evaluating the vibration signals (s1, s2) from the vibration sensors (41, 42).

61. The measurement system according to claim 60, wherein, The electronic device of the measurement system is configured to digitize and / or determine the density value X based on the vibration signals (s1, s2) or based on the vibration signals (s1, s2) and the electrical excitation signal (e1). ρ , and / or the viscosity value X μ and / or the pressure difference value X Δp and / or mass flow rate values and / or Reynolds value X Re .

62. The measurement system according to any one of claims 54 to 56, further comprising: A first pressure sensor and a second pressure sensor are used to determine the pressure difference inserted into the wall of the pipeline at a distance from each other in the flow direction.

63. The measurement system according to claim 62, wherein, Both the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor are electrically connected to the measurement system electronics (200), and the measurement system electronics (200) is configured to determine the pressure difference value X by using the pressure measurement signal generated by the aforementioned pressure sensors. Δp .

64. The measurement system according to claim 63, wherein, The electronic device (200) of the measurement system is configured to further determine the viscosity value X by using a pressure measurement signal generated by means of the aforementioned pressure sensor. μ and / or rate value X U .

65. The measurement system according to claim 63, wherein, The pressure measurement signal is a digital pressure measurement signal.

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