Two-year three-season out-of-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern region

Abstract

The invention relates to a planting method of sweet cherries in the southern region, in particular to a two-year three-season out-of-season cultivation method of the sweet cherries in the southern region. The method comprises the steps that a high-temperature-resistant sweet cherry variety suitable for being planted in the south is selected, the temperature, humidity and illumination in a cultivation greenhouse are adjusted through an intelligent artificial environment control unit, and a two-year three-season cultivation period is formed. The method comprises the following specific steps: controlling the temperature in a greenhouse to be 2-4 DEG C in a dormancy period of each cultivation period, and ensuring that a tree body enters dormancy without light; the temperature is gradually increased to 10-20 DEG C in the germination stage; the temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 12-25 DEG C in the flowering period; in the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse is maintained to be 15-25 DEG C by using refrigeration equipment and a light supplementing lamp, and illumination for 15-18 hours every day is ensured; the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 18-28 DEG C in the mature period. The method can greatly improve the yield and quality of the sweet cherries, meets the requirements of out-of-season cultivation in the south, and has wide application prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a planting method for sweet cherries in the southern region, and in particular to a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in the southern region. Background Art

[0002] Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), also known as big cherry and cherry, belongs to the deciduous fruit tree of the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus, Rosaceae. Domestic sweet cherries are mainly cultivated in the north, and the maturity period is concentrated in March-June. Domestic sweet cherries sold in the rest of the month are relatively rare. Due to the warm and humid climate in the south, especially the high temperature and heavy rain in summer, sweet cherry has been one of the fastest growing fruit trees in recent years. There are many problems that need to be solved in the cultivation process. The Chinese invention patent application (publication number: CN104885841A, CN104920134A, CN104838935A) and the Chinese invention patent application applied by the applicant (publication number: CN107182683A, publication date: 2017-09-22) disclose a planting method for planting sweet cherries in warm areas in the south, realizing the planting of sweet cherries in the south.

[0003] The cultivation area of ​​sweet cherries has gradually expanded in southern regions such as Zhejiang, and they are mostly produced by sheltering from rain and shading. The fruit maturity period is generally in May, and the fruit maturity period can be advanced to April through early cultivation. As applied for by the applicant, the Chinese invention patent application (publication number: CN114931058A, publication date: 2022-08-23) is a cultivation method for promoting the early maturity of sweet cherries in southern regions by regulating temperature and humidity. Through the facility film covering and heating bud and flower promotion regulation technology, under the condition that the required cold amount meets its own dormancy needs, reasonable temperature regulation is carried out during the budding period and the fruit color change period to promote early germination and early maturity, change its growth and development cycle, and promote the early listing of fruits. The same sweet cherry variety can mature in mid-to-late March, which is 30-40 days earlier than the ordinary rain shelter and shade cultivation, greatly improving the economic benefits.

[0004] At present, the off-season cultivation of sweet cherries mainly promotes early cultivation by "raising temperature to promote early cultivation", and there are few studies on off-season delayed cultivation by "lowering temperature to delay". There are no sweet cherries that mature in July and August in southern regions such as Zhejiang. The off-season delayed cultivation of sweet cherries in southern regions faces many problems, among which the problem of high temperature in summer is particularly prominent, which not only restricts the off-season cultivation of sweet cherries, but also has an adverse effect on rain shelter and shade cultivation. In July 2024, the average temperature in Taizhou, Zhejiang was 29.85℃, the highest temperature was 38.90℃, and the lowest temperature was 25.70℃. The high temperature environment outside seriously restricted the off-season cultivation of sweet cherries. Therefore, "external shading and internal light supplementation" is one of the effective ways to solve the high temperature problem during the fruit ripening period in southern China. With the continuous improvement of sweet cherry cultivation technology, off-season delayed cultivation has gradually come into people's view, and problems such as the regulation of environmental conditions for off-season cultivation of sweet cherries need to be further resolved. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries suitable for southern regions. The method can realize efficient off-season cultivation of sweet cherries in a high temperature environment in the south by using intelligent environmental control equipment, precise temperature and humidity regulation, and optimized lighting scheme. The present invention not only effectively improves the photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality of sweet cherries, but also realizes an efficient production mode of three times in two years through reasonable growth period regulation, greatly improving the yield and market supply capacity.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] A two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China comprises the following steps:

[0008] 1) Select sweet cherry varieties that are grown in the southern region and are suitable for growing in the southern region and are resistant to high temperatures;

[0009] 2) Off-season cultivation greenhouses, with light-shielding rubber-plastic insulation cotton covering the outside of the greenhouses, and intelligent artificial environment control units inside the greenhouses to regulate temperature and humidity in the off-season cultivation greenhouses, simulating the climatic conditions of different seasons, forming a 2-year 3-season cultivation cycle, each cycle is April-July, December-March of the following year, and August-November;

[0010] 3) During the dormant period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4°C, without light, to keep the tree in full dormancy;

[0011] 4) During the budding period, gradually increase the temperature in the greenhouse to 10-20°C and open the insulation layer to provide light;

[0012] 5) During the flowering period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 12-25℃;

[0013] 6) During the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled between 15-25℃, refrigeration equipment is used to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse, and supplementary lights and natural light are used for photosynthesis; the supplementary light is supplemented by supplementary lights, the ratio of red and blue light is 1.8, and a 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary light is used to supplement the light. The supplementary light is 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary period, the temperature control range of the off-season cultivation greenhouse is 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration is controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary light is automatically turned on when the natural light is lower than 930Lux;

[0014] 7) During the maturity period, use refrigeration equipment to control the temperature in the greenhouse between 18-28℃;

[0015] 8) After harvesting, normal management should be implemented and fertilizer and water management should be strengthened;

[0016] 9) During the leaf-falling period, cover the shading rubber-plastic insulation cotton and gradually lower the temperature to 1-2℃.

[0017] As a preferred method, the cultivation management in the first season is as follows:

[0018] 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4°C without light;

[0019] 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0020] 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃;

[0021] 1.4) During the young fruit stage from mid-June to early July, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light are used for photosynthesis; the red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lights is 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights are used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves is 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled in the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration is controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights are automatically turned on when the natural light is lower than 930Lux;

[0022] 1.5) During the maturity period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0023] 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened;

[0024] 1.7) The leaf-falling period in November is synchronized with the outside world;

[0025] The cultivation management for the second season is as follows:

[0026] 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket was put down, and the shed was cooled for 1 month, and the temperature in the shed was controlled at 2-4℃;

[0027] 2.2) In the early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat preservation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0028] 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃;

[0029] 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930Lux;

[0030] 2.5) During the maturity period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0031] 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened;

[0032] 2.7) In July, during the leaf-falling period, cover with a thermal blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C;

[0033] The cultivation management for the third season is as follows:

[0034] 3.1) During the dormant period in August, the insulation blanket was put down, and the shed was cooled for 1 month, and the temperature in the shed was controlled at 2-4℃;

[0035] 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-20℃;

[0036] 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃;

[0037] 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930Lux;

[0038] 3.5) During the maturity period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0039] 3.6) After harvesting in January and February, warm the plants for growth, manage them normally, and strengthen fertilizer and water management;

[0040] 3.7) During the leaf-falling period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C.

[0041] Preferably, the high temperature resistant sweet cherry varieties are "Qi Zao" or "Mei Zao".

[0042] As the preferred choice, "Qizao" is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape, and "Meizao" is a 4-year-old tall and slender spindle tree shape.

[0043] Preferably, during the young fruit stage, the temperature in the "Qi Zao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 20°C, and the temperature in the "Mei Zao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 25°C.

[0044] Preferably, the off-season cultivation greenhouse is a single arch shed with a length of 40m and a width of 11m, and the outside of the shed is covered with 5cm thick rubber-plastic insulation cotton.

[0045] As a preferred option, the fill light uses the Zhongke Xicai fill light with a power of 60W, a main wavelength of 699.0nm, a luminous flux of 4030.421m, and a fill light time of 6:00 to 22:00 every day.

[0046] Preferably, the installation height of the fill light is 40 cm to 120 cm, and it is arranged in a staggered manner according to the different tree shapes to ensure the uniformity of sweet cherry photosynthesis.

[0047] Preferably, fertilization management includes applying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizers, supplementing nutrients in stages to ensure the improvement of leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality.

[0048] As a preferred option, remote monitoring devices are used to monitor the temperature, humidity and light intensity in the greenhouse in real time to ensure that the growth environment of sweet cherries is always in the best condition.

[0049] The present invention adopts the above-mentioned technical solution, and provides a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in the southern region. By accurately controlling environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and light in the greenhouse, combined with an intelligent artificial environment control unit, the efficient off-season cultivation of sweet cherries in the high temperature and humidity environment in the south is achieved. The method has the following significant technical effects:

[0050] 1. Improve yield and efficiency: Through reasonable planning of the cultivation cycle, a 2-year 3-season cultivation model is realized, so that sweet cherries can mature three times a year, greatly increasing the yield. Compared with traditional cultivation methods, it can significantly improve the planting efficiency and meet the market demand for off-season fruits.

[0051] 2. Optimize fruit quality: The present invention uses a supplementary light with a red-blue light ratio of 1.8, which effectively improves the photosynthesis efficiency and improves the fruit quality of sweet cherries, especially in terms of fruit size, single fruit weight and soluble solid content. At the same time, by reasonably controlling the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, the fruit cracking rate is reduced, ensuring the stability of the fruit appearance and taste.

[0052] 3. Adapt to the high temperature environment in the south: This method uses an intelligent control system combined with the use of refrigeration equipment to effectively regulate the temperature in the greenhouse under the high temperature environment in the south, avoiding the impact of high temperature on the growth of sweet cherry trees, allowing sweet cherries to bloom and bear fruit normally under extreme climatic conditions and adapt to the climatic characteristics of the southern region.

[0053] 4. Energy saving and intelligent management: The present invention automatically adjusts parameters such as light, temperature and humidity through the application of intelligent environmental control units and remote monitoring systems, thereby achieving precise control of the environment in the greenhouse. This not only improves management efficiency, but also reduces labor costs, achieving energy-saving and environmental protection effects.

[0054] 5. Extend the market supply period: Through this off-season cultivation method, the ripening period of sweet cherries can cover three different seasons throughout the year, greatly extending the market supply period of sweet cherries, increasing the economic benefits of fruit farmers, and meeting consumers' demand for off-season high-quality sweet cherries. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0055] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0056] The invention relates to a two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries suitable for southern regions. The intelligent control technology is adopted to adjust the environmental conditions in a greenhouse and the cultivation cycle is reasonably arranged to achieve efficient production of sweet cherries.

[0057] 1. Sweet cherry variety selection

[0058] When sweet cherries are cultivated off-season in the southern region, high temperature resistant sweet cherry varieties are preferred. Sweet cherry varieties suitable for the present invention include "Qizao" and "Meizao". Among them, the "Qizao" variety is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape with strong heat resistance and suitable for growing under 20°C conditions; the "Meizao" variety is a 4-year-old tall spindle tree shape, suitable for cultivation under 25°C. These varieties can maintain a good growth state under the high temperature climate conditions in the south and provide high-quality fruits.

[0059] 2. Off-season greenhouse structure

[0060] Off-season cultivation uses a single arch shed with a length of 40 meters and a width of 11 meters. In order to ensure the heat preservation and shading effect in the shed, the outside of the shed is covered with 5 cm thick rubber and plastic insulation cotton. The inside of the shed is equipped with an intelligent artificial environment control unit, which can automatically adjust the temperature, humidity, light and CO2 concentration in the shed, realize precise control of the cultivation environment, and ensure the best growth conditions for sweet cherries in different growth periods.

[0061] 3. Application of intelligent environmental control system

[0062] The present invention uses an intelligent environmental control system to monitor and automatically adjust parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity and CO2 concentration in the greenhouse in real time. The system can accurately control environmental conditions according to the needs of different growth periods to ensure that sweet cherries are in the best cultivation environment at each growth stage. Especially during the high temperature in the summer in the south, the intelligent system can start the refrigeration equipment in time to avoid damage to the fruit and leaves caused by high temperature.

[0063] 4. Fertilization management

[0064] In order to ensure that sweet cherries have sufficient nutrient supply during off-season cultivation, the present invention performs staged fertilization management in different growth periods, mainly including the application of urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizers, especially in the young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage, appropriately increasing the potassium content in the fertilizer to improve the quality and yield of the fruit.

[0065] 5. Lighting control and fill light settings

[0066] In the present invention, a supplementary light from Zhongkexicai is used, with a power of 60W, a main wavelength of 699.0nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42lm, and an illumination duration of 6:00 to 22:00 daily. The installation height of the supplementary light is arranged in different heights according to the different tree shapes to ensure the uniformity of illumination. The supplementary light of the "Qizao" variety is 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves; the distance of the supplementary light of the "Meizao" variety is 40cm to 120cm. This illumination scheme effectively improves the efficiency of photosynthesis and enhances the development and quality of the fruit.

[0067] 6. Temperature, humidity and light control during each growth period

[0068] The present invention forms a 2-year 3-season cultivation cycle by regulating environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light in the greenhouse. Each cycle is from April to July, December to March of the following year, and August to November. The specific environmental regulation methods for each growth period are as follows:

[0069] The cultivation management for the first season is as follows:

[0070] 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4°C without light;

[0071] 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0072] 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃;

[0073] 1.4) During the young fruit stage from mid-June to early July, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light are used for photosynthesis; the red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lights is 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights are used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves is 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled in the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration is controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights are automatically turned on when the natural light is lower than 930Lux;

[0074] 1.5) During the maturity period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0075] 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened;

[0076] 1.7) The leaf-falling period in November is synchronized with the outside world;

[0077] The cultivation management for the second season is as follows:

[0078] 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket was put down, and the shed was cooled for 1 month, and the temperature in the shed was controlled at 2-4℃;

[0079] 2.2) In the early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat preservation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃;

[0080] 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃;

[0081] 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930Lux;

[0082] 2.5) During the maturity period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0083] 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened;

[0084] 2.7) In July, during the leaf-falling period, cover with a thermal blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C;

[0085] The cultivation management for the third season is as follows:

[0086] 3.1) During the dormant period in August, the insulation blanket was put down, and the shed was cooled for 1 month, and the temperature in the shed was controlled at 2-4℃;

[0087] 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-20℃;

[0088] 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃;

[0089] 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1m×0.75m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930Lux;

[0090] 3.5) During the maturity period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃;

[0091] 3.6) After harvesting in January and February, warm the plants for growth, manage them normally, and strengthen fertilizer and water management;

[0092] 3.7) During the leaf-falling period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C.

[0093] Test example

[0094] In order to verify the effectiveness of the off-season delayed cultivation method of sweet cherries in the southern region of the present invention, the applicant conducted the following experiments.

[0095] 1. Materials and methods

[0096] 1.1 Test materials

[0097] This study was conducted in an off-season greenhouse where temperature and light are controlled by artificial intelligence at Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Sweet cherry varieties "Qizao" and "Meizao" were used as test materials. "Qizao" is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape, and "Meizao" is a 4-year-old tall spindle tree shape. The tree vigor and conventional management are consistent. The conventional management method refers to the Chinese invention patent CN201710524755.5. The off-season cultivation greenhouse is a single arch shed with a length of 40m and a width of 11m. The outside of the shed is covered with 5cm thick rubber-plastic insulation cotton. The temperature and humidity are controlled by two 10KW rated power big cherry intelligent artificial environment control units (Zhengjin Environmental Technology Co., Ltd.) in the greenhouse. Three different fill lights, ordinary fill lights, Zhongkexicai fill lights, and full-spectrum plant fill lights, were used for fill light experiments. Among them, the big cherry intelligent artificial environment control unit and fill lights can be automatically operated by setting temperature and light thresholds.

[0098] Ordinary fill light: 60W, white light. Zhongkexicai fill light: 60W, main wavelength: 699.0nm, luminous flux: 4030.421m, red light to blue light ratio (R / B): 1.8. Full spectrum plant fill light: 60W, main wavelength: 699.4nm, luminous flux: 3042.681m, red light to blue light ratio (R / B): 2.5. During the measurement of photosynthesis, the rubber and plastic insulation cotton outside the greenhouse was not turned on, there was no natural light inside the greenhouse, and only the fill light provided artificial light. Fill light treatment time: 1m×1.5m low-density fill light or 1m×0.75m high-density fill light from mid-June to early July. The fill light fill light time is 6:00-22:00. During this period, when the external natural light is lower than 930Lux, the fill light automatically controls to turn on the fill light. The insulation cotton is manually turned on at 7 o'clock and turned off at 17 o'clock. The total effective light duration is 16 hours per day. Pengyun remote monitoring instrument S21A is used to collect air temperature, soil temperature, light intensity, etc. in the greenhouse every 5 minutes.

[0099] 1.2 Test methods

[0100] 1.2.1 Effect of different temperatures on the synthetic efficiency of sweet cherry supplementary lighting

[0101] Four treatments, T1-T4 (the set temperature thresholds are 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, and 25℃, respectively), were set up, and the LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and other indicators of "Qizao" and "Meizao" under different temperature treatment conditions. Three plants were randomly selected for each treatment, and three mature leaves in the middle of the new shoots were selected from each plant in different directions for measurement. The photosynthesis of the leaves was measured at a distance of 80cm from the light source (light intensity 2595.93Lux). The supplementary lights were installed at a density of 1m×0.75m. The measurement times of T1-T4 were around 9:20, 11:00, 13:00, and 14:00, respectively. During this period, the greenhouse rubber-plastic insulation cotton was not turned on, and the temperature rose slowly and naturally.

[0102] 1.2.2 Effects of different light quality supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0103] Three treatments, M1-M3 (ordinary fill light, Zhongkexicai fill light, and full-spectrum plant fill light, respectively), were set up. The LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used to measure the parameters of sweet cherry net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) under variable light intensity conditions. Three plants were randomly selected for each treatment, and three mature leaves in the middle of the new shoots were selected from each plant in different directions for measurement. The photosynthesis of the leaves at a distance of 80 cm from the light source was measured. During the measurement of photosynthesis, the rubber-plastic insulation cotton was not turned on, there was no natural light inside the greenhouse, and only the fill light provided artificial light. The ambient temperature in the greenhouse was 20°C during the measurement. The fill light was installed at a density of 1m×0.75m.

[0104] 1.2.3 Effects of different distances of supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0105] Four treatments were set up, N1-N4 (20cm, 40cm, 80cm, and 120cm from the light source, respectively). The LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used to measure the parameters of sweet cherry leaves at different distances from the supplementary light at 20℃, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr). The supplementary light was a Zhongkexicai supplementary light, which was installed at a density of 1m×1.5m. Three plants were randomly selected for each treatment, and three mature leaves in the middle of the new shoots were selected from each plant in different directions for measurement. The results were repeated three times and the average value was taken. During the measurement of photosynthesis, the rubber-plastic insulation cotton was not turned on, there was no natural light inside the greenhouse, and only the supplementary light provided artificial light. The ambient temperature in the greenhouse was 20℃ during the measurement.

[0106] 1.2.4 Effects of different density supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0107] Two treatments, S1 and S2, were set up, with supplementary lights installed at densities of 1m×1.5m and 1m×0.75m, respectively. The LI-6400X portable photosynthetic instrument was used to measure the effects of different densities of supplementary lights on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and other parameters of sweet cherry under variable light intensity conditions. The supplementary lights were Zhongke Xicai supplementary lights (60W), and the measurement temperature was 20℃. Three plants were randomly selected for each treatment, and three mature leaves in the middle of the new shoots were selected from each plant in different directions for measurement. The results were repeated three times and the average value was taken. During the measurement of photosynthesis, the rubber-plastic insulation cotton was not turned on, there was no natural light inside the greenhouse, and only the supplementary lights provided artificial light.

[0108] 1.2.5 Effects of different lighting treatments on sweet cherry fruit quality

[0109] Three different treatments were set up: P1-P3 ordinary fill light, Zhongkexicai fill light, and full-spectrum fill light. 30-40 fully mature sweet cherry fruits were randomly picked to measure important indicators such as single fruit weight and soluble solid content. The mass of the fruit was randomly weighed using a 1 / 1000 electronic balance. The hardness of the fruit was measured directly with the peel using a GY-1 hardness meter. The total soluble solids, total acid, and solid-acid ratio were measured using a Japanese Atuo fruit sugar and acid tester. With reference to the "Cherry Germplasm Resource Description Specifications and Data Standards", the flavor and taste of the fruit were evaluated, and the sourness and sweetness of the fruit were intuitively evaluated.

[0110] 1.3 Statistical analysis

[0111] The data were statistically processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007, and the variance analysis of the results of the one-way randomized block experiment was performed using STST software.

[0112] 2. Results and Analysis

[0113] 2.1 Effect of different temperatures on the synthetic efficiency of sweet cherry supplementary lighting

[0114] As can be seen from Table 1, the air temperature in the greenhouse is not much different from the set temperature threshold of each treatment, that is, the air temperature in the greenhouse can be maintained at the required test temperature during the test. Through the study of the air temperature, leaf temperature, and calculated leaf temperature parameters of the photosynthetic instrument sample room, it was found that under the low temperature treatment of 10°C, the leaf temperatures of "Qizao" and "Meizao" exceeded 15°C; as the temperature increased, the leaf temperatures of "Qizao" and "Meizao" gradually increased, and the leaf temperatures of "Meizao" were slightly higher than "Qizao", and ordinary fill lights and Zhongke Rare Lighting showed the same pattern. In summary, the leaf temperature gradually increased with the increase of the outside temperature and the leaf temperature was always higher than the ambient temperature. When the outside temperature was lower than 15°C, in order to maintain the normal growth of the tree, the leaf temperature would not decrease with the decrease of the ambient temperature.

[0115] Table 1 Effects of different temperature treatments on sweet cherry leaf temperature

[0116]

[0117] As can be seen from Table 2, temperature has a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherry. The net photosynthetic rate of "Qizao" reached the maximum value when the temperature was 20℃, and the net photosynthetic rate of "Meizao" reached the maximum value at 25℃. The ordinary supplementary light and Zhongkexicai supplementary light showed the same rule. With the continuous increase of the temperature of T2-T4 leaves, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of "Qizao" and "Meizao" showed a trend of gradually increasing. When the temperature was 25℃, the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were the maximum. The ordinary supplementary light and Zhongkexicai supplementary light showed the same rule. In summary, temperature has a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherry. Sweet cherry leaves need certain temperature conditions for photosynthesis. When the air temperature is lower than 15℃, some sweet cherry leaves may not produce effective photosynthesis. "Qizao" has the maximum photosynthesis when it is treated at 20℃, and "Meizao" has the maximum photosynthesis at 25℃.

[0118] Table 2 Effects of different temperature treatments on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0119]

[0120] 2.2 Effects of different supplementary lighting treatments on photosynthesis of sweet cherries in greenhouses

[0121] As can be seen from Table 3, there are certain differences in the light intensity measured by different fill-in lights. The light intensity measured by the Pengyun remote monitoring instrument S21A is the highest for the Zhongke Xicai fill-in light, and the weakest for the full-spectrum fill-in light. The internal and external light intensities of the leaf chamber measured by the LI-6400X portable photosynthesis instrument also show that the Zhongke Xicai fill-in light has the highest light intensity. "Qizao" and "Meizao" both showed the highest net photosynthetic rate under the Zhongke Xicai fill-in light, and the lowest intercellular CO2 concentration. Under the same power conditions, the light quality of ordinary fill-in lights is white light, that of Zhongke Xicai fill-in lights is red and blue light, and that of full-spectrum plant fill-in lights is biased towards white light. In summary, different fill-in lights have a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherries. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the Zhongke Xicai fill-in light has the best fill-in effect.

[0122] Table 3 Effects of different supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherry

[0123]

[0124] 2.3 Effects of different distances of supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherries in greenhouses

[0125] It can be seen from Table 4 that different distances of supplementary light have a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherry. Among them, the light intensity inside the leaf chamber of "Meizao" is the highest at a distance of 15 cm from the supplementary light, which is 423.66 μmol m -2 s -1 , at this time, the net photosynthetic rate is the largest; at a distance of 120cm from the supplementary light, the light intensity is only 5.42% of that at 15cm, and the net photosynthetic rate gradually decreases as the distance increases. "Qizao" shows the same rule. At 20cm, the light intensity inside the leaf chamber is the largest, and the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate are all the largest. At 120cm, the light intensity inside the leaf chamber is the weakest, the net photosynthetic rate is the lowest, and the intercellular CO2 concentration is the highest. In summary, different distances of supplementary light have a great influence on the photosynthesis of sweet cherries. The closer the distance to the supplementary light, the greater the light intensity, the higher the net photosynthetic rate, and the better the supplementary light effect. However, if the distance is too close, the high temperature of the supplementary light will burn the leaves. Therefore, the distance between the supplementary light and the leaves should be 20cm-80cm.

[0126] Table 4 Effects of different supplementary lighting on the photosynthetic rate of sweet cherry

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] 2.4 Effects of different density supplementary lighting on photosynthesis of sweet cherries in greenhouses

[0130] As can be seen from Table 5, different densities of supplementary lights have a great influence on the light intensity and photosynthesis of sweet cherries in the greenhouse. The light intensity of a 1m×1.5m supplementary light at the same distance is only about 50% of that of a 1m×0.75m one. The net photosynthetic rate of "Qizao" and "Meizao" under low-density supplementary lights is almost 0. The increase in the density of supplementary lights significantly increases the net photosynthetic rate of sweet cherries. Under low-density supplementary lights, the intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate are relatively high, and the leaf temperature is higher than that under high-density conditions. In summary, the density of supplementary lights will affect the photosynthesis of sweet cherries. Increasing the density of supplementary lights can effectively enhance the photosynthesis of sweet cherries. The KGB tree-shaped "Qizao" has the best supplementary lighting efficiency when a 1m×0.75m density supplementary light is installed.

[0131] Table 5 Effects of different supplementary light densities on the photosynthetic rate of sweet cherry

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[0133] 2.5 Effects of different lighting treatments on the quality of sweet cherry fruits in greenhouses

[0134] As can be seen from Table 6, different supplementary lighting treatments have a great impact on the quality of sweet cherry fruit. The single fruit weight of "Qizao" and "Meizao" is the largest under the Zhongkexicai supplementary lighting; the soluble solid content is also the largest under the rare earth supplementary lighting, among which the soluble solid content of Qizao can reach 20.05%; compared with the control, the rare earth supplementary lighting treatment can reduce the total acid content and increase the fruit solid-acid ratio. In summary, the Zhongkexicai supplementary lighting has the best comprehensive effect, and the fruit quality is better than the control and full-spectrum supplementary lighting treatments.

[0135] Table 6 Effects of different supplementary lighting on sweet cherry fruit quality

[0136]

[0137]

[0138] The above is a description of the embodiments of the present invention. Through the above description of the disclosed embodiments, professionals and technicians in the field can implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to professionals and technicians in the field. The general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to these embodiments shown in this article, but will conform to the widest range consistent with the principles and novelties disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A two-year three-season off-season cultivation method for sweet cherries in southern China, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Choose sweet cherry varieties that are suitable for growing in the southern region and are resistant to high temperatures; 2) Off-season cultivation greenhouses, with shading rubber-plastic insulation cotton covering the outside of the greenhouses, and intelligent artificial environment control units inside the greenhouses to regulate temperature and humidity in the off-season cultivation greenhouses, simulating the climatic conditions of different seasons, forming a 2-year 3-season cultivation cycle, each cycle is April-July, December-March of the following year, and August-November; 3) During the dormant period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4°C, without light, to keep the tree in full dormancy; 4) During the budding period, gradually increase the temperature in the greenhouse to 10-20℃ and open the insulation layer to provide light; 5) During the flowering period, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 12-25℃; 6) During the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled between 15-25℃, refrigeration equipment is used to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse, and supplementary lights and natural light are used for photosynthesis; the supplementary light is supplemented by supplementary lights, the ratio of red and blue light is 1.8, and 1 m×0.75 m high-density supplementary lights are used to supplement the light. The supplementary light is 20cm to 80cm away from the leaves. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse is controlled in the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration is controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary light is automatically turned on when the natural light is lower than 930 Lux; 7) During the maturity period, use refrigeration equipment to control the temperature in the greenhouse between 18-28℃; 8) After harvesting, normal management should be implemented and fertilizer and water management should be strengthened; 9) During the leaf-falling period, cover the shading rubber-plastic insulation cotton and gradually lower the temperature to 1-2℃.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The cultivation management for the first season is as follows: 1.1) During the dormant period from April to May, the plants are cooled and dormant, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4°C without light; 1.2) During the budding period in May, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the insulation cotton, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃; 1.3) During the flowering period from May to June, simulate the normal temperature in spring and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 12-25℃; 1.4) During the young fruit stage from mid-June to early July, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red and blue light ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1 m×0.75 m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled in the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930 Lux; 1.5) During the maturity period from July to August, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃; 1.6) After harvesting in September and October, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened; 1.7) The leaf-falling period in November is synchronized with the outside world; The cultivation management for the second season is as follows: 2.1) During the dormant period in December, the insulation blanket is put down, refrigeration is carried out for 1 month, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 2-4℃; 2.2) In the early to mid-January of the following year, during the budding period, gradually increase the temperature, turn on the heat preservation blanket, and control the temperature in the greenhouse at 10-20℃; 2.3) In late January, during the flowering period, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃; 2.4) In February, during the young fruit stage, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1 m×0.75 m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled in the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930 Lux; 2.5) During the maturity period from March to April, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃; 2.6) After harvesting in May and June, the refrigerator does not need to be turned on, the insulation cotton is opened, all greenhouse films are opened, and normal management is carried out, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened; 2.7) In July, during the leaf-falling period, cover with a heat-insulating blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C; The cultivation management for the third season is as follows: 3.1) During the dormant period in August, the insulation blanket was put down, and the shed was cooled for 1 month, and the temperature in the shed was controlled at 2-4℃; 3.2) During the budding period in September, the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-20℃; 3.3) During the flowering period in October, the heat preservation blanket is turned on, natural light is used, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 15-25℃; 3.4) During the young fruit stage in November, the temperature in the greenhouse was controlled at 20-25℃, and supplementary lights and natural light were used for photosynthesis; the red-blue ratio of the supplementary lights was 1.8, and 1 m×0.75 m high-density supplementary lights were used for supplementary lighting. The distance between the supplementary lights and the leaves was 20cm to 80cm. During the supplementary period, the temperature of the off-season cultivation greenhouse was controlled within the range of 20℃ to 25℃; the lighting duration was controlled to be 15-18 hours per day, and the supplementary lights were automatically turned on when the natural light was lower than 930 Lux; 3.5) During the maturity period from December to January of the following year, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 18-28℃; 3.6) After harvesting in January and February, warm the plants for growth, manage them normally, and strengthen fertilizer and water management; 3.7) During the leaf-falling period in March, cover the greenhouse with a thermal blanket and control the temperature in the greenhouse to gradually drop to 2°C.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The sweet cherry varieties that can withstand high temperatures are "Qizao" or "Meizao".

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that "Qizao" is a 5-year-old KGB tree shape, and "Meizao" is a 4-year-old tall and slender spindle tree shape.

5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that: During the young fruit stage, the temperature in the "Qizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 20℃, and the temperature in the "Meizao" off-season cultivation greenhouse is regulated at 25℃.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the off-season cultivation greenhouse is a single arch shed with a length of 40 m and a width of 11 m, and the outside of the shed is covered with 5 cm thick rubber-plastic insulation cotton.

7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The fill light uses the Zhongke Xicai fill light with a power of 60 W, a main wavelength of 699.0 nm, a luminous flux of 4030.42 1m, and a fill light time of 6:00 to 22:00 every day.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The installation height of the fill light is 40 cm to 120 cm, and it is arranged in a staggered manner according to the different tree shapes to ensure the uniformity of sweet cherry photosynthesis.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Fertilization management includes applying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizers, supplementing nutrients in stages to ensure the improvement of leaf photosynthetic efficiency and fruit quality.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Real-time monitoring of the temperature, humidity and light intensity in the greenhouse is carried out through remote monitoring instruments to ensure that the growth environment of sweet cherries is always in the best condition.

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