Laser inertial confinement firecracker type controllable nuclear fusion power generation device and power generation method

Abstract

The invention discloses a laser inertial confinement firecracker type controllable nuclear fusion power generation device and a power generation method. The device comprises a fusion reaction system, a laser system, a thermoelectric conversion system, a water circulation cooling system and other accessories. According to the method, a tritium breeding scheme in a laser confinement nuclear fusion environment is designed, tritium breeding is achieved through a tritium breeding cladding, laser is reflected through a silver coating, and escape and collection of tritium are not limited while the inner wall of a vacuum reactor is protected; at least 100 beams of high-energy laser are symmetrically arranged and continuously focused, and the fuel pellets are heated and uniformly compressed to be fused; gain radiation energy released by discrete fusion reaction can be moved out in time through a phase change material, and a firecracker type long-acting controllable effect is realized by using energy accumulators such as a flywheel and the like; the safety coefficient is calculated according to device material performance, power grid technical requirements and the like, the number of deuterium and tritium pairs in the fuel pellets is controlled to meet the safety requirement, and rapid construction and grid connection are facilitated; nuclear energy is efficiently utilized to generate power by adopting a scheme of combining composite thermoelectric conversion and a steam expansion process.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of nuclear fusion technology, and in particular to a laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device and a power generation method. Background Art

[0002] With the acceleration of global industrialization and urbanization, the use of fossil energy has exacerbated the global energy crisis and environmental pollution problems. Nuclear fusion, as a clean energy technology, has the advantages of abundant raw materials, high energy density, safety and pollution-free, and is an ideal choice for clean energy. Laser inertial confinement (ICF) is a technology that achieves nuclear fusion by focusing lasers on fuel target pellets. Its basic principle is to use high-energy lasers to concentrate energy on a small volume of deuterium-tritium fuel, so that it reaches high temperature and high pressure in a very short time, thereby triggering a nuclear fusion reaction. The research on this technology began in the 1960s. With the advancement of laser technology, ICF has become one of the important directions of controlled nuclear fusion research. The core goal of ICF is to achieve self-sustaining combustion and net energy output, and provide clean and sustainable energy for mankind. In 2022, the National Ignition Facility (NIF) of the United States successfully achieved fusion ignition with energy gain, and repeated the experiment many times to verify the feasibility of inertial confinement fusion.

[0003] However, nuclear fusion technology, especially laser inertial confinement fusion technology, faces at least the following difficulties: 1. Devices such as NIF are relatively large, costly, and have a long construction period, which limits their commercial development; 2. There is a lack of tritium self-sustaining design; 3. It is difficult to ensure that high-energy lasers compress the fuel target pellets evenly to achieve ideal fusion conditions; 4. Under high temperature and high pressure environments, the durability and radiation resistance of materials need to be improved; 5. For pulsed laser confinement fusion devices to achieve continuous power supply, multiple ignitions must be carried out quickly and continuously, which is technically very challenging and difficult to achieve.

[0004] A domestic invention patent has been published, named "Pulsed Microfluidic Fusion Stroke Flywheel Controlled Continuous Power Generation Technology" (publication number CN116110617A). It uses high-energy lasers to irradiate target pellets to produce nuclear fusion reactions. It proposes a solution to calculate the time required for the target pellet to pass through the laser path based on the falling height of the target pellet, and start the high-power laser device at the corresponding time point to achieve precise targeting. However, it does not propose a solution for the co-ignition of multiple laser beams. Only a single generator is used to achieve fusion, which has high requirements on laser power and makes it difficult to achieve uniform compression of the target pellet.

[0005] A domestic invention patent has been published, named "Microfluidic Deuterium-Tritium Collision Nuclear Fusion Flywheel Control Continuous Power Generation Technology" (publication number CN116434980A), which proposes that the occurrence and intensity of nuclear fusion reactions can be regulated by controlling the amount of deuterium and tritium plasma input each time, providing ideas for controlling energy output and the maximum temperature of the device. However, the method of using a cyclotron to accelerate particles has difficulties in the miniaturization design of the device and requires high plasma control accuracy.

[0006] Domestic invention patents have been published, named "Pulsed Microfluidic Fusion Stroke Flywheel Controlled Continuous Power Generation Technology" (publication number CN116110617A) and "Microfluidic Deuterium-Tritium Collision Nuclear Fusion Flywheel Controlled Continuous Power Generation Technology" (publication number CN116434980A). Both proposed the use of a flywheel relay model to make energy output continuous and achieve steady-state long pulse continuous output of nuclear energy. This "firecracker-style" power generation method provides a solution for achieving continuous and stable power supply, which can promote the commercialization of controlled nuclear fusion.

[0007] Internationally, many research institutions are exploring new developments in high-energy laser technology. For example, Europe's HiPER project and China's Shenguang series of laser devices are committed to improving the efficiency and precision of lasers, and by improving the design of lasers, achieving more compact and efficient energy transmission, providing new possibilities for device miniaturization.

[0008] The design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) includes the study of tritium breeder blankets. By using lithium blankets on the reactor wall to capture neutrons to produce tritium, this method has been verified in experiments and is an important step in achieving sustained nuclear fusion reactions in the future. China will fully participate in the tritium production experimental blanket module plan and will independently develop two concepts of tritium production experimental blanket modules on the ITER device: ceramic tritium breeder and liquid lithium-lead breeder. The above research is conducive to the research and development of ICF technology in tritium breeding. Summary of the invention

[0009] The present invention aims to provide an efficient laser inertial confinement nuclear fusion power generation solution, which can achieve higher fusion efficiency and stability by improving laser transmission, fuel pellet injection, vacuum reactor structure design and heat management.

[0010] The technical solution of the present invention is: a laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device, including a fusion reaction system, a laser system, a thermoelectric conversion system, a water circulation cooling system and other accessories.

[0011] The fusion reaction system comprises a fuel pellet delivery device and a vacuum reactor.

[0012] The laser system comprises a laser, an optical fiber and a fiber collimator.

[0013] The thermoelectric conversion system comprises a phase change material and a thermoelectric material layer.

[0014] The water circulation cooling system comprises a cooling water coating layer, a water pump, a conveying pipeline and a condenser.

[0015] The other accessories include energy storage and control equipment, a vacuum pump, a steam turbine, a magnetic fluid sealing structure and an endoscope.

[0016] The laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention has a fuel pellet delivery device located just above the central axis of the vacuum reactor. The fuel pellet delivery device is provided with a sealing structure to ensure the function of replenishing the fuel pellets while meeting the high vacuum standard requirements of the reactor. There are a large number of deuterium-tritium fuel pellets in the fuel pellet delivery device. To ensure the safety of the device, the molar number n of deuterium-tritium pairs in the deuterium-tritium fuel pellets is less than 1 / 14s, where s is the safety factor. The reaction releases 17.58 MeV of energy, of which the energy of the released neutrons is about 14 MeV. The calculation formula for the energy E of the neutrons released by the complete reaction of a single fuel pellet is E = 14 × n (MeV), and E is less than the maximum heat that the phase change material in the phase change material jacket can absorb, E MAX , E MAX =1 / s(MeV), the size of the safety factor s should comprehensively consider the heat resistance of the material of the vacuum reactor, the energy conversion efficiency, the final power output size, and the technical requirements of the power grid. The fuel pellet delivery device releases a deuterium-tritium fuel pellet at a time. The release frequency and speed of the deuterium-tritium fuel pellet are adjusted according to the laser ignition frequency. At the same time, it is equipped with a programmable feeding function component, which can rely on gravity, ejection power or electromagnetic acceleration methods to accurately shoot single or multiple fuel pellets from top to bottom to the laser focusing center of the reactor. The deuterium-tritium fuel pellet is shot downward into the interior of the vacuum reactor, and the high-energy laser is co-focused to the center of the vacuum reactor. Optionally, in the case of using a pulsed laser generator, that is, laser laser intermittent co-focusing, the deuterium-tritium fuel pellet falls accurately to the center of the ball when the laser reaches the center of the ball for co-focusing, and the high-energy laser heats and compresses the fuel pellet to achieve fusion reaction. Optionally, when the laser is continuously irradiated and converged to the center of the vacuum reactor, the deuterium-tritium fuel pellets are heated and compressed when passing through the center to achieve fusion reaction, which can increase the probability of successful nuclear fusion reaction.

[0017] A tritium breeder blanket is added to the inner wall of the vacuum reactor and silver-plated. The tritium breeder blanket is a key component in a nuclear fusion reactor. By using lithium-based materials in the blanket and using neutrons to react with lithium to produce tritium, tritium gas is collected and can be used as a raw material for fuel pellets. At the same time, the blanket also has a radiation shielding function, which is of great significance to the safety, economy and sustainable development of nuclear fusion reactors. Nuclear fusion lasers usually use infrared light with a wavelength of 1064 nanometers (such as neodymium glass lasers), as well as 532 nanometer green light and 355 nanometer ultraviolet light generated by its frequency doubling. The silver coating has a high reflectivity at these wavelengths, exceeding 95%, which can protect the inner wall of the vacuum reactor from laser damage. In order to prevent the high-temperature melting of silver from affecting the reflective performance and durability, a high-temperature stable transparent protective coating is selected. The coating material includes but is not limited to silicon oxide or magnesium fluoride. In addition, the design of composite materials combining silver and high-temperature resistant materials, as well as the use of advanced coating technologies such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can improve the overall heat resistance, or through nanostructure optimization, the thermal and optical properties of the material can be further improved. An exhaust device is set directly below the vacuum reactor to connect to the vacuum pump, which can receive and promptly clean up unreacted fuel pellets or solid ash and promptly extract the helium and tritium produced by the reaction.

[0018] The laser system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention, its laser generator can be a femtosecond laser, an attosecond laser or other high-power laser. By adopting laser co-condensation technology, the concentration and control accuracy of energy can be significantly improved, and the number of lasers used is more than 100. The pump source is a key component of the laser, which excites the gain medium by providing energy to generate stimulated radiation. Common pump sources include optical pumping (such as flash lamps and lasers), electric pumping (excitation by current) and chemical pumping (using chemical reactions). The present invention adopts electric pumping and adopts the device's control power generation system to provide electrical energy for the pump source. The optical fiber is used to accurately guide the high-energy laser generated by the laser generator into the vacuum reactor. Its excellent low loss and anti-interference characteristics ensure that the laser signal remains stable and efficient during the transmission process. Through the total internal reflection mechanism of the optical fiber, the laser energy can be effectively transmitted to the target position. The end of the optical fiber is fixed to a fiber collimator. A fiber collimator is an optical device used to convert a divergent light beam output by an optical fiber into a parallel light beam. It can reduce the divergence of the light beam, improve the efficiency of optical signal transmission, and achieve efficient beam coupling and precise alignment.

[0019] The fiber collimator extends into the laser inlet of the vacuum reactor, and a magnetic fluid sealing technology is used between the fiber collimator and the wall of the laser inlet to ensure the sealing of the vacuum environment. The magnetic fluid sealing structure includes a permanent magnet, a magnetic pole shoe and a magnetic liquid. The outer shell material of the fiber collimator is a magnetic material. Since there is a rotating magnetic field loop between the permanent magnet, the magnetic pole shoe and the outer shell of the fiber collimator, the magnetic liquid can be adsorbed between the tip of the pole shoe and the fiber collimator to form a fluid ring, which can achieve the purpose of sealing and has high reliability. When the fusion reaction is not carried out, the fiber collimator can be removed and replaced with an endoscope to observe the internal situation of the vacuum reactor (to observe whether there is any damage inside).

[0020] The thermoelectric conversion system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention, the phase change material in the phase change material jacket includes but is not limited to titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), etc., and its performance can be precisely controlled to meet specific needs by controlling the phase change temperature and environment. The phase change material in the phase change material jacket of the vacuum reactor is used as the hot end, and the cooling water is used as the cold end. The thermoelectric material layer realizes thermoelectric conversion through the Seebeck effect. When there is a temperature difference between the two ends, the carrier (electron or hole) moves from the high temperature end to the low temperature end, generating a voltage to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. Optional thermoelectric materials include but are not limited to bismuth antimony alloy (Bi-Sb), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and silicon germanium alloy (Si-Ge). Since thermoelectric conversion has high requirements for temperature uniformity, the lower hemisphere is close to the cooling water inlet and the phase change material flows smoothly, and the temperature is more uniform, so only the thermoelectric material is used in the lower half for electrothermal conversion. In order to ensure that the thermoelectric material safely outputs electrical energy through the wire, the thermoelectric conversion material needs to be insulated.

[0021] Optionally, the insulation treatment of the thermoelectric conversion material can use a liquid with excellent insulation properties and efficient cooling effect, such as a fluorinated liquid, as a cooling medium. Fluorinated liquid not only has a low dielectric constant and excellent insulation effect, but also has a high thermal conductivity, which can effectively reduce the heat accumulation generated by the thermoelectric conversion material during operation, thereby improving the stability and durability of the equipment. In order to further enhance the insulation effect, a layer of high-performance insulating coating can be added to the outside of the phase change jacket. This coating should have good electrical insulation properties, high temperature resistance and strong mechanical strength to ensure that it will not fail due to environmental factors or temperature fluctuations during long-term operation. Through the dual optimization design of liquid cooling and coating insulation, the working performance and safety of the thermoelectric conversion material can be significantly improved, while the service life of the system can be extended to meet the needs under complex working conditions.

[0022] Optionally, the insulation treatment of the thermoelectric conversion material can be achieved by using high-performance insulating materials in the contact area between the thermoelectric material and the wire and its periphery to form a continuous and uniform insulating protective layer. This insulating layer can effectively isolate current leakage and prevent electrical faults such as short circuits. Materials with high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and high dielectric strength, such as polyimide, silicone rubber or other special polymer materials, can be selected according to the requirements of the working environment. These materials can maintain stable insulation properties in extreme temperatures or harsh environments, while improving the durability and reliability of the system. By adding an insulating layer to the overall structure of the thermoelectric conversion material and the wire, energy loss and safety risks can be reduced, so that the thermoelectric conversion equipment can operate more efficiently and stably to meet the needs of the application scenario.

[0023] The water circulation cooling system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention has a cooling water coating layer on the outer layer of the vacuum chamber, which is spherical as a whole. The cooling water enters from the lower end inlet, absorbs heat and vaporizes when passing through the flow channel to form water vapor, and the water vapor leaves from the upper end outlet of the cooling water coating layer and is transported to the energy storage and regulation equipment. After being condensed by the condenser, it is transported to the water pump through the transmission pipeline and then input into the cooling water coating layer to form a cycle.

[0024] The energy storage and control device of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention requires a mature solution to accept the huge impact energy due to the large energy generated by nuclear fusion, so that the provided electric energy can run smoothly. The energy storage and control device includes at least 4 steam turbines and energy storage and control device units, and there are electric valves on the steam output pipeline. In the case of 4 units, the electric valves of 2 units are opened each time, and the energy storage and control device is in the energy storage state; the electric valves of the other two units are closed, and the energy storage and control device is in the energy output state. Each time the two units output or store energy at the same time, it is ensured that the other unit works normally when one unit fails.

[0025] Optionally, the energy storage control device is a flywheel, including at least 4 flywheels. Flywheels accumulate kinetic energy through rotation and can quickly release energy when needed. They are widely used in fields such as vehicle energy recovery and grid stability. The advantages of flywheels are fast response, high energy density, long life and environmental protection, which reduces dependence on chemical batteries and improves the overall efficiency and reliability of the system.

[0026] Optionally, the energy storage control device is a battery and supercapacitor combined energy storage and power generation system, including at least 4 groups of batteries and supercapacitors. Batteries are mainly used to provide long-term, stable energy output, suitable for supporting continuous power supply based on loads; while supercapacitors can quickly respond to load changes and provide short-term high-power output, which is suitable for instantaneous load fluctuation compensation. During system operation, batteries and supercapacitors work together to improve the overall efficiency of the energy storage system, and can also achieve higher power density and longer service life, which is suitable for load scenarios with large fluctuations or frequent starts and stops.

[0027] The laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention has the following main technical principles, i.e., power generation method:

[0028] Step 1: The distilled water in the water storage tank is pumped into the water circulation cooling system through a water pump. The inner and outer layers of the water-cooled wall are filled with distilled water and then stopped, waiting for the nuclear fusion reaction to occur.

[0029] Step 2: Start the vacuum pump, use the rotary vane pump to roughly pump to several hundred Pa, then switch to the molecular pump for high vacuum extraction, gradually remove the gas molecules in the cavity, and make the cavity reach ultra-high vacuum. During the whole process, the vacuum gauge is used to monitor the pressure change to ensure that there is no leakage and meet the device requirements.

[0030] Step 3: The fuel pellet projection device is equipped with high-precision position monitoring and control functions, and uses gravity, ejection power or electromagnetic acceleration methods to project the fuel pellet vertically downward. At the same time, the laser system enters the standby state in advance, and completes the adjustment of the optical path and energy storage according to the predetermined parameters. During the startup process, while the fuel pellet is projected to the center of the vacuum reactor, the laser system emits high-energy laser pulses according to the predetermined timing, generating extremely high pressure and temperature, while stimulating nuclear magnetic resonance for energy transfer, heating and compressing the fuel to ignition conditions, and triggering a nuclear fusion reaction.

[0031] Step 4: The phase change material changes phase by absorbing the heat provided by the nuclear fusion reaction, changing from solid to liquid and becoming the hot end. Thermoelectric materials absorb heat through the thermoelectric effect, converting thermal energy into electrical energy to generate electricity. At the same time, the cooling water at the cold end absorbs heat and vaporizes, converting into steam. The steam is then directed into the steam turbine, and the steam expansion drives the steam turbine blades to rotate, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. Through a system that combines a composite thermoelectric conversion and steam expansion process, thermal energy can be efficiently used to generate electricity.

[0032] Step 5: When the energy storage and control equipment is subjected to instantaneous huge energy impact, it can achieve efficient storage and release of energy through high-speed response control strategies and advanced power electronics technology. The system first quickly senses the load changes, and uses the high power density and low latency characteristics of flywheels or supercapacitors to provide or absorb electrical energy within milliseconds to balance supply and demand. At the same time, the output power is dynamically optimized through intelligent control algorithms to ensure the stability and accuracy of energy supply. The system also has energy recovery and buffering functions, which can quickly store energy when there is excess energy to avoid impact on the power grid or equipment, thereby achieving efficient, stable and intelligent energy management.

[0033] The laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device and power generation method of the present invention have the following advantages and positive effects: 1. The tritium breeding blanket is adopted to efficiently utilize neutrons to breed tritium, thereby collecting tritium gas, which can be used as a fuel pellet raw material to improve energy utilization efficiency. 2. The stable and continuous injection of fuel pellets is realized to improve the sustainability of fusion reaction. 3. Nuclear energy is efficiently utilized to generate electricity through a scheme combining a composite thermoelectric conversion and a steam expansion process. 4. Through the energy storage control system, a "firecracker-type" long-term controllable effect is achieved, and the system includes at least four groups of energy storage control devices, one of which can still work normally when a group fails or is under maintenance, thereby ensuring the continuity of energy output. 5. By controlling the rate of inputting fuel pellets and the number of deuterium-tritium pairs in the fuel pellets, the occurrence and intensity of the nuclear fusion reaction are adjusted, so that the entire system process is adjustable and controllable, and the output energy and temperature meet the temperature requirements of the existing thermal power generation system, and can be quickly constructed and connected to the grid for power generation. 6. The use of multiple laser beams for symmetrical focusing, heating and compression makes it easier to meet the requirements of fusion reaction and helps to miniaturize the device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] Figure 1 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 2 It is a front view of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0036] Figure 3 It is a top view of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 4 It is a main cross-sectional view of the vacuum reactor and cooling water coating layer of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the magnetic fluid sealing structure of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention.

[0039] Figure 6It is a schematic diagram of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation method of the present invention.

[0040] In the figure: 1, steam turbine, 2, conveying pipeline, 3, flywheel, 4, electric valve, 5, cooling water coating layer, 6, fuel pellet delivery device, 7, optical fiber, 8, laser generator, 9, water pump, 10, condenser, 11, fiber optic collimator, 12, vacuum reactor, 13, endoscope, 14, thermoelectric material layer, 5-1, cooling water coating layer fuel pellet inlet, 5-2, steam outlet, 5-3, cooling water channel, 5-4, leg support, 5-5, cooling water inlet, 5-6, cooling water coating layer gas outlet, 12-1, magnetic fluid sealing structure, 12-2, phase change material jacket, 12-3, vacuum reactor gas outlet, 12-4, laser inlet, 12-5, phase change material, 12-6, vacuum reactor fuel pellet inlet, 121-1, magnetic pole shoe, 121-2, permanent magnet, 121-3, magnetic liquid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, but the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments based on the present invention belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0042] The laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention comprises a fusion reaction system, a laser system, a thermoelectric conversion system, a water circulation cooling system and other accessories, such as Figures 1 to 3 shown.

[0043] The fusion reaction system includes a fuel pellet delivery device 6 and a vacuum reactor 12 .

[0044] The laser system comprises a laser generator 8 , an optical fiber 7 and a fiber collimator 11 .

[0045] The thermoelectric conversion system includes a phase change material 12 - 5 and a thermoelectric material layer 14 .

[0046] The water circulation cooling system comprises a cooling water coating layer 5 , a water pump 9 , a delivery pipeline 2 and a condenser 10 .

[0047] The other accessories include energy storage and control equipment, a vacuum pump, a steam turbine 1, a magnetic fluid sealing structure 12 - 1 and an endoscope 13 .

[0048] The fusion reaction system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation system of the present invention is as follows Figures 1 to 3As shown, a fuel pellet delivery device 6 is provided just above the central axis of the vacuum reactor 12. The fuel pellet delivery device 6 is provided with a sealing structure to ensure the function of replenishing the fuel pellets while meeting the high vacuum standard requirements of the reactor. There are a large number of deuterium-tritium fuel pellets in the fuel pellet delivery device 6. The molar number n of deuterium-tritium pairs in the deuterium-tritium fuel pellets is less than 1 / 14s, where s is a safety factor. The reaction releases 17.58 MeV of energy, of which the energy of the released neutrons is about 14 MeV. The calculation formula for the energy E of the neutrons released by the complete reaction of a single fuel pellet is E=14×n (MeV), and E is less than the maximum heat E that the phase change material 12-5 in the phase change material jacket 12-2 can absorb. MAX , E MAX =1 / s(MeV), the safety factor s should comprehensively consider the heat resistance of the material of the vacuum reactor 12, the energy conversion efficiency, the final power output size, and the technical requirements of the power grid. The fuel pellet delivery device 6 releases a deuterium-tritium fuel pellet at a time, and the release frequency and speed of the deuterium-tritium fuel pellet are adjusted according to the laser ignition frequency. At the same time, it has a program-controlled feeding function component, which can rely on gravity, ejection power or electromagnetic acceleration method to accurately shoot single or multiple fuel pellets from top to bottom to the laser focusing center of the vacuum reactor 12, and the deuterium-tritium fuel pellet is shot downward into the vacuum reactor 12, and the high-energy laser is co-focused to the center of the vacuum reactor 12. Optionally, in the case of using a pulsed laser generator, that is, laser laser intermittent co-focusing, the deuterium-tritium fuel pellet falls accurately to the center of the ball when the laser reaches the center of the ball for co-focusing, and the high-energy laser heats and compresses the fuel pellet to achieve fusion reaction. Optionally, when the laser is continuously irradiated and converged to the center of the vacuum reactor 12, the deuterium-tritium fuel pellets are heated and compressed when passing through the center to achieve fusion reaction, which can increase the probability of successful nuclear fusion reaction.

[0049] The vacuum reactor 12 and the cooling water coating layer 5 of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation system of the present invention are as follows Figure 4As shown, there is a vacuum reactor gas outlet 12-3 at the bottom of the vacuum reactor 12, and a vacuum reactor fuel pellet inlet 12-6 at the top of the vacuum reactor 12. The vacuum reactor 12 is spherical as a whole, and no less than 100 laser inlets 12-4 are symmetrically distributed on the wall of the vacuum reactor 12. The inner wall of the vacuum reactor 12 has a tritium breeding blanket and is silver-plated. By using lithium-based materials in the blanket, neutrons react with lithium to produce tritium, and thus tritium gas is collected and can be used as a raw material for fuel pellets. The silver coating is used to reflect lasers. To prevent it from melting, a transparent protective coating can be added to the surface of the silver coating to maintain its reflective performance and durability. The transparent protective coating includes but is not limited to aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, etc. A discharge device is provided at the vacuum reactor gas outlet 12-3 directly below the vacuum reactor 12 to connect to a vacuum pump. The vacuum reactor gas outlet 12-3 is connected to the cooling water coating layer gas outlet 5-6 below, which can receive and timely clean up unreacted fuel pellets or solid ash and maintain vacuum, and can also collect tritium-containing gas, which can be further purified as a fuel pellet raw material. The vacuum reactor 12 has a phase change material jacket 12-2 for accommodating the phase change material 12-5. During the manufacturing process, the phase change material 12-5 can be added by high-temperature melting injection, and then the phase change material jacket 12-2 is sealed to ensure that the cooling water does not penetrate.

[0050] The laser system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention, its laser generator 8 can be a femtosecond laser, an attosecond laser or other high-energy laser, and by adopting a laser co-condensation technology of not less than 100 beams, the energy concentration and control accuracy can be significantly improved. The laser system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention adopts electric pumping, and the device's own control power generation system is used to provide electric energy for the pump source. One end of the optical fiber 7 is connected to the laser generator 8, and the other end is connected to the optical fiber collimator 11, which is used to accurately guide the high-energy laser generated by the laser generator 8 into the vacuum reactor 12. Through the total internal reflection mechanism of the optical fiber 7, the laser energy can be effectively transmitted to the target position, and then the divergent light beam output by the optical fiber 7 is converted into a parallel light beam through the optical fiber collimator 11, so as to achieve efficient light beam coupling and precise alignment. The optical fiber collimator 11 is aligned with the laser inlet 12-4 of the vacuum reactor 12. When the fusion reaction is not carried out, the optical fiber collimator 11 can be removed and replaced with an endoscope 13 to observe the internal situation of the vacuum reactor 12.

[0051] The magnetic fluid sealing structure of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention is as follows Figure 5As shown, a magnetic fluid sealing structure 12-1 is used between the optical fiber collimator 11 and the laser inlet 12-4 to ensure the sealing of the vacuum environment. The magnetic fluid sealing structure 12-1 includes a permanent magnet 121-2, a magnetic pole shoe 121-1 and a magnetic liquid 121-3. The outer shell material of the optical fiber collimator 11 is a magnetic material. Since there is a rotating magnetic field loop between the permanent magnet 121-2, the magnetic pole shoe 121-1 and the outer shell of the optical fiber collimator 11, the magnetic liquid 121-3 can be adsorbed between the tip of the magnetic pole shoe 121-1 and the optical fiber collimator 11 to form a fluid ring to achieve the purpose of sealing.

[0052] The thermoelectric conversion system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention is as follows Figure 4 As shown, the thermoelectric material layer 14 is closely attached to the phase change material jacket 12-2 by welding, the phase change material 12-5 in the phase change material jacket 12-2 of the vacuum reactor 12 serves as the hot end, and the cooling water in the cooling water coating layer 5 serves as the cold end. The thermoelectric material layer 14 realizes thermoelectric conversion through the Seebeck effect. When there is a temperature difference between the two ends, the carriers (electrons or holes) move from the high temperature end to the low temperature end, generating voltage and converting thermal energy into electrical energy. In order to ensure that the thermoelectric material safely outputs electrical energy through the wire, the thermoelectric conversion material needs to be insulated.

[0053] Optionally, the insulation treatment of the thermoelectric conversion material of the thermoelectric material layer 14 can use a liquid with excellent insulation performance and efficient cooling effect, such as a fluorinated liquid, as a cooling medium. The fluorinated liquid not only has a low dielectric constant and excellent insulation effect, but also has a high thermal conductivity, which can effectively reduce the heat accumulation generated by the thermoelectric conversion material during operation, thereby improving the stability and durability of the equipment; to further enhance the insulation effect, a layer of high-performance insulation coating can be added to the side of the phase change material jacket 12-2 close to the thermoelectric material layer 14.

[0054] Optionally, the insulation treatment of the thermoelectric conversion material of the thermoelectric material layer 14 can be performed by using high-performance insulating materials in the contact area between the thermoelectric material and the wire and its periphery to form a continuous and uniform insulating protection layer.

[0055] The water circulation cooling system of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention is as follows: Figure 3As shown, the cooling water coating layer 5 is on the outer layer of the vacuum reactor 12 and is fixed to the vacuum reactor 12 by welding or the like. The lower end of the cooling water coating layer 5 has at least 4 symmetrically arranged cooling water inlets 5-5 and at least 3 evenly arranged leg supports 5-4, a cooling water coating layer gas outlet 5-6 is located directly below, the upper end of the cooling water coating layer 5 has at least 4 symmetrically arranged steam outlets 5-2, and a cooling water coating layer fuel pellet inlet 5-1 is located directly above. The cooling water coating layer 5 is spherical as a whole, and openings are symmetrically arranged on the sphere for installing the optical fiber collimator 11, and the openings correspond one-to-one to the vacuum reactor laser inlet 12-4. The cooling water enters from the cooling water inlet 5-5 at the lower end, absorbs heat and vaporizes when passing through the cooling water channel 5-3 to form water vapor, and the water vapor leaves from the steam outlet 5-2 at the upper end of the cooling water sheath 5, passes through the energy storage control device, and is condensed by the condenser 10, and then is transported to the water pump 9 through the delivery pipeline 2 and then input into the cooling water channel 5-3 of the cooling water sheath 5 to form a cycle.

[0056] The energy storage and control device of the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention requires a mature solution to accept the huge impact energy due to the large energy generated by nuclear fusion, so that the provided electric energy can run smoothly. The energy storage and control device includes at least 4 steam turbines 1 and energy storage and control device units, and the units are symmetrically arranged. There are electric valves 4 on the transmission pipeline 2. In the case of 4 units, the electric valves 4 of 2 units are opened each time, and the energy storage and control device is in the energy storage state; the electric valves 4 of the other two units are closed, and the energy storage and control device is in the energy output state. Each time the two units output energy or store energy at the same time, it is ensured that the other unit works normally when one unit fails.

[0057] Optionally, the energy storage control device is a flywheel 3, including at least four flywheels 3. The flywheel 3 accumulates kinetic energy by rotating, and quickly releases energy when energy needs to be released to supply power to the user.

[0058] Optionally, the energy storage control device is a battery and supercapacitor combined energy storage and power generation system, including at least 4 groups of batteries and supercapacitors. Batteries are mainly used to provide long-term, stable energy output, suitable for supporting continuous power supply based on loads; while supercapacitors can quickly respond to load changes and provide short-term high-power output, which is suitable for instantaneous load fluctuation compensation. During system operation, batteries and supercapacitors work together to improve the overall efficiency of the energy storage system, and can also achieve higher power density and longer service life, which is suitable for load scenarios with large fluctuations or frequent starts and stops.

[0059] The working principle of the laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device of the present invention is as follows: Figure 6 As shown, the power generation method includes:

[0060] Step 1: The distilled water in the water storage tank is transported to the water circulation cooling system through the water pump 9. The inner and outer layers of the water-cooled wall are filled with distilled water and then stop, waiting for the occurrence of nuclear fusion reaction.

[0061] Step 2: Start the vacuum pump, use the rotary vane pump to roughly pump to several hundred Pa, then switch to the molecular pump for high vacuum extraction, gradually remove the gas molecules in the cavity, and make the cavity reach ultra-high vacuum. During the whole process, use the vacuum gauge to monitor the pressure change to ensure that there is no leakage and meet the device requirements;

[0062] Step 3: The fuel pellet delivery device 6 is equipped with high-precision position monitoring and control functions, and uses electromagnetic acceleration or pneumatic launch to project the fuel pellet vertically downward. At the same time, the laser system enters the standby state in advance, and completes the adjustment of the optical path and energy storage according to the predetermined parameters. During the startup process, while the fuel pellet is projected to the center of the vacuum reactor 12 cavity, the laser system emits high-energy laser pulses according to a predetermined timing, generating extremely high pressure and temperature, while stimulating nuclear magnetic resonance for energy transfer, heating and compressing the fuel to ignition conditions, and triggering a nuclear fusion reaction;

[0063] Step 4: The phase change material 12-5 changes phase by absorbing the heat provided by the nuclear fusion reaction, changing from solid to liquid, and becomes the hot end. The thermoelectric material layer 14 absorbs heat through the thermoelectric effect, converts thermal energy into electrical energy, and realizes power generation. At the same time, the cooling water at the cold end absorbs heat and vaporizes, converting into steam. The steam is then guided into the steam turbine 1, and the steam expansion drives the steam turbine blades to rotate, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. Through a system that combines a composite thermoelectric conversion and a steam expansion process, thermal energy can be efficiently used to generate electricity;

[0064] Step 5: When the energy storage and control equipment is subjected to instantaneous huge energy impact, it can achieve efficient storage and release of energy through high-speed response control strategies and advanced power electronics technology. The system first quickly senses the load changes, and uses the high power density and low latency characteristics of the flywheel 3 or supercapacitor to provide or absorb electrical energy within milliseconds to balance supply and demand. At the same time, the output power is dynamically optimized through intelligent control algorithms to ensure the stability and accuracy of energy supply. The system also has energy recovery and buffering functions, which can quickly store energy when there is excess energy to avoid impact on the power grid or equipment, thereby achieving efficient, stable and intelligent energy management.

[0065] The third step can also be the following solution: the laser system continuously focuses the laser on the center of the vacuum reactor. When the fuel pellet passes through the center of the vacuum reactor, the laser generates extremely high pressure and temperature, and at the same time stimulates nuclear magnetic resonance for energy transfer, heating and compressing the fuel to ignition conditions, triggering a nuclear fusion reaction. For experimental safety and cost control, the maximum size of the vacuum reactor is between 300mm and 1000mm. If the vacuum reactor is too small, it is not conducive to the layout of the laser system, and if it is too large, it is more difficult to align the laser with the center of the sphere. With the advancement of technology, industrial devices should not be limited to this. The diameter of the laser inlet of the vacuum reactor is between 5mm and 15mm, which is conducive to both sealing and the setting of magnetic fluid seals.

Claims

1. Laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device, characterized in that: It includes a fusion reaction system, a laser system, a thermoelectric conversion system, a water circulation cooling system and other accessories. The fusion reaction system includes a fuel pellet delivery device and a vacuum reactor; the laser system includes a laser generator, an optical fiber and an optical fiber collimator; the thermoelectric conversion system includes a phase change material and a thermoelectric material layer; the water circulation cooling system includes a cooling water coating layer, a water pump, a conveying pipeline and a condenser; other accessories include energy storage and control equipment, a vacuum pump, a steam turbine, a magnetic fluid sealing structure and an endoscope; a fuel pellet delivery device is arranged directly above the central axis of the vacuum reactor, and the fuel pellet delivery device is provided with a sealing The structure comprises a fuel pellet delivery device containing a large number of deuterium and tritium fuel pellets; a vacuum reactor gas outlet is provided at the bottom of the vacuum reactor, a vacuum reactor fuel pellet inlet is provided at the top of the vacuum reactor, the vacuum reactor is spherical as a whole, and no less than 100 laser inlets are symmetrically distributed on the wall of the vacuum reactor; a tritium breeding blanket is provided on the inner wall of the vacuum reactor and silver-plated; the vacuum reactor is provided with a phase change material jacket for accommodating the phase change material; a discharge device is provided at the vacuum reactor gas outlet directly below the vacuum reactor to connect to a vacuum pump, and the gas outlet of the vacuum reactor is connected to the gas outlet of the cooling water blanket layer below the gas outlet of the vacuum reactor; One end of the optical fiber is connected to the laser generator, and the other end is connected to the optical fiber collimator, and the optical fiber collimator is aligned with the laser inlet of the vacuum reactor; a magnetic fluid sealing structure is used between the optical fiber collimator and the laser inlet, and the magnetic fluid sealing structure includes a permanent magnet, a magnetic pole shoe and a magnetic liquid, and the outer shell material of the optical fiber collimator is a magnetic conductive material; the thermoelectric material layer is tightly fitted with the phase change material jacket by welding, and the thermoelectric conversion material is insulated; the cooling water coating layer is on the outer layer of the vacuum reactor and is fixed to the vacuum reactor by welding and other methods; the lower end of the cooling water coating layer There are at least 4 symmetrically arranged cooling water inlets and at least 3 evenly arranged leg supports, a cooling water sheathing gas outlet at the very bottom, at least 4 symmetrically arranged steam outlets at the upper end of the cooling water sheathing, and a cooling water sheathing fuel pellet inlet at the very top. The cooling water sheathing is spherical as a whole, and openings are symmetrically arranged on the sphere for installing optical fiber collimators, and the openings correspond one-to-one to the laser inlets of the vacuum reactor; the energy storage and control equipment includes at least 4 steam turbines and energy storage and control device units, the units are symmetrically arranged, and there are electric valves on the delivery pipelines.

2. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The maximum size of the vacuum reactor is between 300mm and 1000mm. The diameter of the laser inlet of the vacuum reactor is between 5mm and 15mm.

3. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the manufacturing process, the phase change material is added by high-temperature melting injection, and then the phase change material jacket is sealed to ensure that cooling water does not penetrate.

4. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The laser generator is a femtosecond laser or attosecond laser. The laser system is electrically pumped, and the device's own control power generation system is used to provide electrical energy for the pump source.

5. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The silver coating is used to reflect the laser. To prevent it from melting, a transparent protective coating can be added to the surface of the silver coating to maintain its reflective performance and durability.

6. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The thermoelectric conversion material of the thermoelectric material layer is insulated with fluorinated liquid, and a layer of high-performance insulating coating is added to the side of the phase change jacket close to the thermoelectric material layer, or high-performance insulating material is used in the contact area between the thermoelectric material and the wire and its periphery to form a continuous and uniform insulating protective layer.

7. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The energy storage and control device uses at least 4 flywheels, or uses at least 4 groups of batteries and supercapacitors.

8. A laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation method, using the laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation device according to claim 1, characterized in that: Its main technical principles and processes include: Step 1: The distilled water in the water storage tank is pumped into the water circulation cooling system. The inner and outer layers of the water-cooled wall are filled with distilled water and the process stops, waiting for the nuclear fusion reaction to occur. Step 2: Start the vacuum pump, use the rotary vane pump to roughly pump to several hundred Pa, then switch to the molecular pump for high vacuum extraction, gradually remove the gas molecules in the cavity, so that the cavity reaches an ultra-high vacuum degree. During the whole process, use a vacuum gauge to monitor the pressure change to ensure that there is no leakage and meet the device requirements; Step 3: The fuel pellet delivery device is equipped with high-precision position monitoring and control functions, and uses electromagnetic acceleration or pneumatic launch to project the fuel pellet vertically downward; at the same time, the laser system enters the standby state in advance, and completes the adjustment of the optical path and energy storage according to the predetermined parameters; during the startup process, while the fuel pellet is projected to the center of the vacuum reactor cavity, the laser system emits high-energy laser pulses according to the predetermined timing, generating extremely high pressure and temperature, and at the same time stimulating nuclear magnetic resonance for energy transfer, heating and compressing the fuel to ignition conditions, and triggering a nuclear fusion reaction; Step 4: The phase change material absorbs the heat provided by the nuclear fusion reaction and undergoes a phase change, changing from solid to liquid, becoming the hot end; the thermoelectric material layer absorbs heat through the thermoelectric effect, converting thermal energy into electrical energy to achieve power generation; at the same time, the cooling water at the cold end absorbs heat and vaporizes, converting into steam; the steam is then guided into the steam turbine, and the steam expansion drives the steam turbine blades to rotate, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity. Through a system that combines the composite thermoelectric conversion and steam expansion process, thermal energy can be efficiently used to generate electricity; Step 5: When the energy storage and control equipment is subjected to instantaneous huge energy impact, it realizes efficient storage and release of energy through high-speed response control strategies and advanced power electronics technology. The system first quickly senses load changes and uses the high power density and low latency characteristics of flywheels or supercapacitors to provide or absorb electrical energy within milliseconds to balance supply and demand; at the same time, it dynamically optimizes the output power through intelligent control algorithms to ensure the stability and accuracy of energy supply; the system also has energy recovery and buffering functions, which can quickly store excess energy to avoid impact on the power grid or equipment, thereby realizing efficient, stable and intelligent energy management.

9. The laser inertial confinement firecracker type controlled nuclear fusion power generation method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The third step is changed to: the fuel pellet delivery device is equipped with high-precision position monitoring and control functions, and uses electromagnetic acceleration or pneumatic launch to project the fuel pellet vertically downward. The laser system continuously focuses the laser on the center of the vacuum reactor. When the fuel pellet passes through the center of the vacuum reactor, the laser generates extremely high pressure and temperature, and at the same time stimulates nuclear magnetic resonance for energy transfer, heating and compressing the fuel to ignition conditions, triggering a nuclear fusion reaction.

10. The laser inertial confinement firecracker-type controlled nuclear fusion power generation method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The laser generator is a femtosecond laser, attosecond laser or other high-energy laser. The laser system is electrically pumped, and the device's own control power generation system is used to provide electrical energy for the pump source.

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