Hydraulic accumulator and attachment portion

Abstract

The utility model relates to a hydraulic energy accumulator and an attachment part, in particular to a hydraulic energy accumulator in the form of a piston type energy accumulator, which is provided with a separation element (10), the utility model relates to an energy storage device (10) comprising an energy storage housing (14) and a separating element (20) which is arranged in the energy storage housing (14) and which separates two fluid chambers (16, 18), in particular a closed energy storage chamber (20) having a working gas, from a fluid chamber (22) having a working fluid, such as hydraulic oil, in a fluid-tight manner from one another, a fluid connection (24) being fluidically connected to one of the fluid chambers (18). An attachment part (26) with a magnetic field generating device (44) is arranged outside the energy storage housing (14) and fixed to the energy storage housing (14), and the magnetic field generating device acts on a fluid connection (46) between a fluid connection (24) of the energy storage housing (14) and a fluid connection (25) of the attachment part (26). In this way, the magnetisable particles can be separated from the fluid passing through the fluid connection (46) in a purified manner.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to a hydraulic accumulator, in particular a hydraulic accumulator in the form of a piston accumulator, wherein the hydraulic accumulator has a separation element, which is arranged in an accumulator housing and separates two fluid chambers, in particular a closed accumulator chamber with working gas and a liquid chamber with operating liquid, such as hydraulic oil, from each other in a fluid-tight manner, and a fluid interface is connected to one of the fluid chambers in a fluid-conducting manner. Background Art

[0002] Hydraulic accumulators, such as (hydropneumatic) piston accumulators, are used in hydraulic systems to accommodate a certain volume of a liquid under pressure, such as hydraulic oil, and to return it to the system when necessary. In the commonly used hydropneumatic piston accumulators, in which the piston separates the oil-side liquid chamber from the accumulator chamber enclosed in the accumulator housing and accommodating a working gas, such as nitrogen, the position of the piston changes during the operation of the hydraulic accumulator, so that the hydraulic accumulator accommodates hydraulic oil when the pressure rises, while compressing the working gas in another fluid chamber or accumulator chamber. When the pressure drops, the compressed gas expands again and displaces the stored hydraulic oil back into the hydraulic working circuit. The change in the volume of the working chamber that is generated during operation produces a corresponding axial movement of the piston within the accumulator housing.

[0003] In this regard, the relevant hydraulic accumulator is connected to a hydraulic working circuit within the scope of the operation of the hydraulic device (e.g., a working cylinder), which hydraulic working circuit has a filter device with a filter element in principle for purifying the working fluid, such as hydraulic oil, from particle dirt, which can be replaced with a new element when necessary. Despite these filter devices, it is not ruled out that dirt particles reach the clean side of the fluid and then reach the hydraulic accumulator, causing damage to the relevant accumulator and its components. The filter elements are also limited in terms of flow capacity, so that they cannot always be used at very high volume flows and the high fluid pressures associated with them. In particular, when using piston accumulators, particle dirt can accidentally reach the sealing system of the separating piston, which can lead to failures of the accumulator and the hydraulic device associated therewith. Because the particle dirt that occurs is usually formed by wear on the hydraulic device, these wears are usually metallic in nature and in particular in the case of mechanical failures, such particles that occur can also have such a size that the sealing device on the separating piston and its elastomer material become leaky or even destroyed.

[0004] DE 10 2016 007 798 A1 discloses a hydraulic-pneumatic piston accumulator having an accumulator housing with a cylindrical tube defining a longitudinal axis, the cylindrical tube being sealed at both ends by a housing cover and in which a piston is guided longitudinally as a separating element, the piston separating a fluid chamber for a compressible fluid, such as a working gas, from another fluid chamber for an incompressible fluid, such as a hydraulic oil; and having a displacement measuring device for contactlessly determining the position of the piston in the housing, the displacement measuring device having a non-magnetic measuring tube, which extends along the longitudinal axis from one housing cover to the other housing cover through a through-hole formed in the piston and is sealed relative to the interior of the housing. A position sensor is guided movably in the tube itself, which follows the movement of the piston in the measuring tube due to a magnetic force acting between it and the piston. In order to generate the magnetic force forcing the position sensor to follow the movement in the measuring tube, a permanent magnet is arranged on the piston. This permanent magnet, which moves continuously together with the separating piston during operation of the energy accumulator, is accommodated in a fluid chamber containing a compressible working gas.

[0005] DE 41 16 482 A1 discloses a method and a device for measuring the pressure of an operating gas in a gas pressure accumulator which can be connected to a hydraulic working circuit and in which the operating gas is separated from the operating fluid or working fluid by a separation element in the form of an elastomer accumulator bladder. In a predeterminable position of the accumulator bladder, the gas pressure which can be assigned to the accumulator bladder in this position is measured by means of a pressure value sensor arranged on the fluid side, for which purpose the position of a disk valve of the accumulator is monitored by means of a monitoring device. For this purpose, the disk valve has a switching element with a permanent magnet in the fluid connection of the accumulator, and the associated sensor is formed by a switch which can be actuated by means of a magnet or utilizes the so-called Hall effect as soon as the switching element passes the relevant sensor according to the actuation position of the disk valve and triggers the sensor.

[0006] In this respect, cubic magnets which are constantly moved back and forth during operation of the accumulator are less suitable than annular magnets on the gas side of the accumulator housing for effectively dispelling particle impurities which occur on the liquid side of the accumulator. Utility Model Content

[0007] Starting from this prior art, the present invention is therefore based on the object of further developing the known hydraulic accumulator solution in such a way that the described fault situation can be eliminated even in the presence of metallic particle contamination.

[0008] The invention therefore provides a hydraulic accumulator having a separation element which is arranged in an accumulator housing and separates two fluid chambers from each other in a fluid-tight manner, a fluid interface being fluidically connected to one of the fluid chambers, an attachment part having a magnetic field generating device being arranged outside the accumulator housing and fixed to the accumulator housing, the attachment part acting on the fluid connection between the fluid interface of the accumulator housing and the fluid interface of the attachment part so that magnetizable particles can be separated in a purified manner from the fluid passing through the fluid connection, thereby making it possible to form such a strong, fixedly arranged magnetic field in the region of the fluid interface of the accumulator housing that magnetizable, in particular metallic, particles cannot even reach the liquid side of the accumulator and in this respect do not cause damage, in particular do not cause damage to the separation element, such as a separation piston. In particular, the magnetizable particles are already reliably retained outside the accumulator housing so that they cannot accidentally reach the liquid side of the accumulator.

[0009] This ensures that, by means of the sealing ring of the separating piston and the guide strip of the hydropneumatic piston accumulator, particle dirt cannot reach the sealing side of the separating piston, which, in addition to sealing problems, could otherwise lead to the separating piston "blocking" on the inside of the accumulator housing due to friction, so that the separating piston can no longer move, which would render the hydraulic accumulator unusable as a whole. In particular, when controlling the fluid flow, where the filter device reaches its limits, a reliable purification of metallic, magnetizable particle fractions from the fluid flow is thus achieved by means of a magnetic separation connected upstream of the hydraulic accumulator.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the hydraulic accumulator according to the invention, it is provided that the attachment part is designed in a cubic or cuboid shape and is screwed into the accumulator housing with an engagement part or is connected flat to the accumulator housing via a plate-shaped flange connection. In this way, the attachment part can be mounted on the underside of the hydraulic accumulator in its vertical operating position in a space-saving manner and is in this respect a component of the associated pipeline, by means of which the piston accumulator can be connected to a conventional hydraulic circuit with associated pressure supply devices, such as a hydraulic pump and hydraulic consumers, such as a working cylinder.

[0011] In this context, it is preferably provided that the accumulator housing has a cylindrical housing wall which is closed at at least one end by a housing cover which has the attachment part on its outer side or underside facing away from the separating piston.

[0012] In another preferred embodiment of the hydraulic accumulator according to the invention, it is provided that the fluid connection extends in a straight line within the attachment part coaxially or at right angles to the fluid interface, and the magnetic field generating device is arranged in the attachment part at least transversely to a portion of the fluid guide and in such a way as to be engaged in the fluid connection. The transverse direction of the magnetic field generating device relative to the fluid flow moving within the fluid connection ensures that the fluid is guided through the device over a relatively long distance, so that the particulate contaminants mentioned here can be "fished out" in a particularly effective manner before the fluid enters the accumulator housing.

[0013] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the hydraulic accumulator according to the invention, the magnetic field generating device is formed by a permanent magnet, so that magnetizable particles can be discharged from the fluid flow without external energy input. However, in special cases, it is also conceivable to use circulating magnets instead of permanent magnets to increase efficiency, but this then requires a corresponding energy supply to the accumulator housing of the hydraulic accumulator and / or its built-on parts.

[0014] It is preferably provided that the permanent magnet has a magnetic rod which is inserted into the fluid connection by means of a fixing screw at an axial and radial spacing from the housing part of the attachment part. Since the presence of magnetizable particle dirt due to the use of filter elements in the hydraulic working circuit is unlikely to occur, manual cleaning of the magnetic field generating device due to any expected large accumulation of dirt is not absolutely necessary. Thus, however, there is the possibility that the magnetic field generating device can be removed from the fluid interface via the fixing screw in any case for the purpose of cleaning and / or replacement and after cleaning or after maintenance work, the magnetic field generating device can be inserted into the fluid guide in the attachment part for re-operation. Thus, for the relevant controlled removal of the permanent magnet, it is not necessary to decouple the hydraulic accumulator from the rest of the hydraulic circuit. In another advantageous design, the fixing screw can be constructed as a so-called magnetic screw and thus constitutes part of the active permanent magnet. Preferably, the attachment part is also made of a non-magnetizable material, such as stainless steel, in order to prevent that when the fixing screw is screwed out as part of the permanent magnet or magnetic screw, no metal particles remain trapped in the relevant fixing opening in the attachment part. In this regard, the particles can also be completely removed from the magnetic field generating device relatively easily.

[0015] In order to counteract any leaks and possible leakage points, a seal is provided at the connection point between the attachment part and the accumulator housing, which is usually in the form of at least one O-ring. However, if the attachment part is a one-piece component of the associated housing cover of the accumulator housing, the associated seal can also be omitted.

[0016] For energy-saving use at full operating capacity, it is preferably provided that the hydraulic accumulator is designed such that the separating element is formed by a separating piston which is longitudinally displaceable within the accumulator housing, which is flush with the fluid connection in one of its possible stop locations in abutment with the housing cover and covers the fluid connection without a shoulder when the fluid chamber is completely emptied. During operation of the separating piston, in particular when hydraulic fluid is returned from the fluid chamber in the direction of the hydraulic working circuit, high fluid flow rates occur, which, if necessary, allow the magnetic field generating device to be cleaned by this fluid flow, and the particle dirt captured and released by it can then be cleaned from the fluid flow by the filter element within the scope of normal filter operation. In this way, when the fluid is supplied to the accumulator, the dirt can be cleaned by means of the magnetic field generating device, and in the reverse flow or in the unloading operation of the hydraulic accumulator, the cleaning of the device for the aforementioned particle dirt takes place in the return flow, that is, when the accumulator is unloaded. The separating piston can be designed as a hollow piston in order to increase the volume of the gas chamber in the direction of the gas side; however, it is also possible for the respective hollow piston to be additionally or alternatively designed in an inverted arrangement on the fluid side in order that under high pressure conditions the piston does not strike the housing cover over its entire surface on the liquid side. Furthermore, there is the possibility of designing the separating piston solidly in the form of a cylindrical plate in order to ensure that under high operating pressures the respective separating piston cannot abut against the housing cover on the gas side. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The hydraulic accumulator according to the present invention is explained in detail below with the aid of four embodiments. Here, in the schematic and not to scale illustration:

[0018] Figure 1 The main structure of the hydraulic accumulator as a whole is shown in a longitudinal section;

[0019] Figure 2 Shown in Figure 1 An enlarged view of the part marked with X;

[0020] Figure 3 Show according to Figure 1 Bottom view of a hydraulic accumulator;

[0021] Figure 4 and Figure 5 The second embodiment corresponds to Figure 1 and Figure 2 pictorial diagram;

[0022] Figures 6 to 8 The third embodiment corresponds to Figures 1 to 3 and

[0023] Figures 9 to 11 The fourth embodiment corresponds to Figures 1 to 3 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] exist Figure 1 The hydraulic accumulator according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 in the form of a so-called piston accumulator has a separating piston 12 as a separating element 10, which is arranged in an accumulator housing 14 and separates two fluid chambers 16, 18 from one another. Figure 1 The upper fluid chamber 16, viewed from the direction of view, forms a closed accumulator chamber 20 for accommodating an operating gas, such as nitrogen. In contrast, the lower fluid chamber 18 forms a liquid chamber 22 for accommodating an operating liquid, such as hydraulic oil. The relevant fluid chamber 18 or liquid chamber 22 is provided with a channel-shaped fluid interface 24, via which the accumulator can be connected to an attachment part 26. The relevant attachment part 26 and thus the hydraulic accumulator can in turn (this is not shown in detail) be connected to a hydraulic working circuit of a conventional type, for example, via a pipeline.

[0025] The accumulator housing 14 is designed in the form of a circular hollow cylinder or cylinder tube, which is sealed at its two free ends by screwed-in housing covers 28, 30, between which the separating piston 12 is guided freely displaceably along the housing longitudinal axis 32. The upper housing cover 28 has a continuous fluid channel 34, which is arranged according to the Figure 1 The illustration is closed by a screw plug 36. Via the relevant connection components 34, 36, the working gas in the chamber 16 of the accumulator can be emptied when necessary (for example for maintenance purposes); but the relevant chamber 16 can also be filled when there is a lack of working gas. The separating piston 12 itself is designed as a so-called hollow piston, with the purpose of increasing the effective gas volume on the side of the fluid chamber 16. However, the separating piston 12 can also have a hollow chamber leading to the liquid side of the accumulator or be designed as a solid cylindrical body. On the peripheral side, the separating piston 12 is guided along the inner side of the cylindrical accumulator housing 14 via at least one sealing ring 38 and at least one guide strip 40. Within the scope of a practical embodiment, a plurality of such sealing rings and guide strips can also be mounted on the outer circumference of the separating piston 12 in combination with each other.

[0026] As according to Figure 3 As can be seen from the figure, an operating aid 42 can be provided on the outer side of the corresponding housing cover 28, 30, here in the form of four blind holes arranged diametrically opposite to the longitudinal axis 32, which can realize the engagement of a corresponding operating tool, with the purpose of more easily screwing the corresponding housing cover 28, 30 into and out of the provided threaded section on the inner circumference of the accumulator housing 14.

[0027] The current design of such hydraulic accumulators, here in the form of piston accumulators, is conventional and is therefore not described in detail again and only insofar as is necessary for an understanding of the present invention.

[0028] In particular, according to Figure 2 As can be seen from the enlarged view of FIG. 2 , a magnetic field generating device 44 is introduced into the attachment part 26, which acts on a tubular or channel-shaped fluid connection 46 in the attachment part 26, which extends between the fluid connection 24 of the accumulator housing 14 and the associated fluid connection 48 of the attachment part 26. The fluid from the hydraulic supply circuit flows into the fluid chamber 18 via the relevant fluid connection 46, and in the context of charging the accumulator and in the accumulator discharge process of the hydraulic accumulator, the fluid is displaced from the second fluid chamber 18 back into the hydraulic working circuit under the preload pressure of the working gas in the first fluid chamber 16. In particular, the fluid flowing into the accumulator can be provided with magnetizable, in particular metallic, particle contamination, and the relevant particle contamination is prevented by the magnetic field generating device 44 within the fluid connection 46 of the attachment part 26 on its liquid side formed by the second fluid chamber 18 before entering the accumulator.

[0029] The attachment part 26 is formed by a cuboid, solid block part having an engagement part 48 arranged on the free end side, which can be screwed into the lower housing cover 30 while forming a threaded section 50, in order to establish a fluid guide to the fluid connection 46 in the attachment part 26. A seal 52, for example in the form of an O-ring, is provided between the attachment part 26 arranged on the bottom side and the adjacent opposite housing wall of the lower housing cover 30, which surrounds the pin-shaped engagement part 48, which is centrally and continuously penetrated by the fluid connection 46.

[0030] The fluid connection 46 arranged coaxially with the housing longitudinal axis 32 opens at its lower end into the environment via a section 54 which, by means of an internal thread on the inner circumference, allows the usual lines leading to a hydraulic supply circuit (not shown) to be screwed in. In this way, the hydraulic accumulator can be connected to other hydraulic components in a fluid-conducting manner with its accumulator housing 14 and the attachment part 26.

[0031] The magnetic field generating device 44 is directed into the attachment portion 26 from the outside along the Figures 1 to 3The direction of view is introduced into the fluid connection 46 from the right side. For this purpose, the fluid connection in the form of a T-shaped connector is constructed under the condition of forming a centrally arranged fluid chamber 56 in the form of a blind hole, which has the maximum free passage cross section of the entire fluid connection 46, which extends transversely to the longitudinal axis 32 of the housing with its longitudinal orientation and thus extends transversely to other interface parts of the fluid connection 46. Here, the free diameter in the section 54 is selected to be larger than the inner diameter range of the hollow cylindrical engagement part 48. The magnetic field generating device 44 is composed of a permanent magnet with a magnetic rod 58, which is screwed into the fluid chamber 56 transversely to other fluid connections 46 by means of a fixing screw 60 in a manner with an axial and radial spacing from the housing part of the attachment part 26. In order to increase the magnetic force, the fixing screw 60 can also be made of a magnetic material. However, the housing part of the attachment part 26 itself is preferably composed of a non-magnetizable material, such as a stainless steel material, as far as possible. If magnetizable particles now collect on the rod 58 and / or the screw 60, the magnetic rod 58 can be removed from the attachment part 26 via the fixing screw 60 and cleaned within the scope of normal maintenance work, without having to dismantle the accumulator itself. After screwing in the magnetic field generating device 44 in the form of the proposed permanent magnet, the particle collection function is then provided again within the scope of operation of the hydraulic accumulator. If changes in the magnetic field lines in the structure are taken into account, the attachment part 26 can also be produced from a magnetizable material.

[0032] If in addition from Figure 1 and Figure 2 As a result, the attachment part 26 can also be used later as a so-called retrofit component in an already delivered hydraulic accumulator. It is also basically possible that the attachment part 26 is designed integrally with the housing cover 30, so that the threaded section 50 with the engagement part 48 can then be omitted, such as the seal 52 in the area of ​​the attachment part 26 and the lower end wall or outer wall of the housing cover 30.

[0033] The exemplary embodiments described below are only explained insofar as they differ significantly from the preceding exemplary embodiments. Here, identical components are provided with identical reference numerals, and the explanations given above also apply to the exemplary embodiments modified in this respect.

[0034] In accordance with Figure 4 and Figure 5In the solution, the magnetic field generating device is mounted on the lower side of the attachment part 26 in the T-shaped fluid connection area along the viewing direction of the figure, so that the free fluid flow is guided to the right through the attachment part 26. The relevant inlet and / or outlet position 62 can be connected to the pipeline (not shown) of the hydraulic working circuit. The fluid chamber 56 with the magnetic field generating device 44 is now accommodated in the block-shaped attachment part 26 coaxially with the housing longitudinal axis 32 of the piston accumulator. In this regard, the magnetic rod 58 or the magnetic screw 60 is inserted from below, in particular screwed, coaxially with the housing longitudinal axis 32 in a manner with corresponding axial and radial spacing from the fluid chamber 56. In the relevant design, at least the free end of the magnetic rod 58 leads to the corresponding fluid connection 46 below the engagement part 48. By screwing the fixing screw 60 with the magnetic rod 58 from below into the attachment part 26 , a type of fluid barrier is created which facilitates a right-angle deflection of the fluid flow in the direction of the inlet and / or outlet point 62 during unloading of the accumulator.

[0035] In accordance with Figures 6 to 8 In the embodiment of the present invention, the cuboid attachment portion 26 is connected to the flat extending flange plate 64 (the flange plate is Figure 8 The lower housing cover 30 is releasably connected to the lower side of the housing cover 30 via four fixing screws 66. Figure 4 and Figure 5 In the embodiment of the present invention, the magnetic field generating device 44 is also introduced into the attachment part 26 from below in the right-angled connection point 62. Here, the free end of the magnetic rod 58 just protrudes into the inlet opening of the channel-shaped fluid interface 24 in the lower housing cover 30. The O-ring sealing ring is used for the seal 52 between the attachment part 26 and the lower housing cover 30. Figures 1 to 5 Embodiments and basis Figures 6 to 8 As can be seen from a direct comparison of the exemplary embodiments of FIG. 2 , a flange plate fastening for the attachment part 26 on the accumulator housing 14 can result in a lower attachment depth, which saves space.

[0036] With respect to the above-described embodiment, now according to Figures 9 to 11 The design plan is towards Fig. 9 and Fig.10 , the magnetic field generating device 44 is arranged on the left side of the attachment part 26. The attachment part 26 is also fixed to the bottom of the accumulator housing in the manner of a flange plate by means of a single screw 66 and is fixedly connected to the lower housing cover 30. In a particularly pressure-resistant design, in this case, the bottom of the attachment part 26 is designed to be closed, and the fluid connection 46 is again designed as a T-piece.

[0037] The above embodiments show that the attachment part 26 can be designed more or less identically in the manner of a modular system and that, by suitable selection of the fluid connection 46 and the selected installation space in the attachment part 26 for the magnetic field generating device 44, the magnetic field generating device 44 can always be mounted on the accumulator housing 14 in a well-accessible location and in a releasable manner. This has no analogy in the prior art.

Claims

1. A hydraulic accumulator comprising a separation element (10) which is arranged in an accumulator housing (14) and separates two fluid chambers (16, 18) from one another in a fluid-tight manner, wherein a fluid connection (24) of the accumulator housing (14) is fluidically connected to one of the fluid chambers (16, 18), characterized in that: An attachment part (26) having a magnetic field generating device (44) is provided outside the accumulator housing (14) and fixed to the accumulator housing, the magnetic field generating device acting on a fluid connection (46) between a fluid interface (24) of the accumulator housing (14) and a fluid interface (25) of the attachment part (26), so that magnetizable particles can be separated from the fluid passing through the fluid connection (46) in a purified manner.

2. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 1, characterized in that The hydraulic accumulator is a hydraulic accumulator in the form of a piston accumulator.

3. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fluid chambers (16, 18) are a closed accumulator chamber (20) containing an operating gas and a fluid chamber (22) containing an operating fluid.

4. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 3, characterized in that: The liquid is hydraulic oil.

5. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 1, characterized in that: The attachment part (26) is of cuboid or parallelepipedal design and is screwed into the energy storage housing (14) with an engagement part (48) or is connected flatly to the energy storage housing (14) via a flange plate (64).

6. The hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The accumulator housing (14) has a cylindrical housing wall which is closed at at least one end by a housing cover (30) which has the attachment part (26) on its outer side facing away from the separating piston (12) serving as the separating element (10).

7. The hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The fluid connection (46) extends within the attachment part (26) coaxially and linearly with the fluid interface (24) in the accumulator housing (14) or at a right angle thereto, and the magnetic field generating device (44) is arranged in the attachment part (26) at least transversely to some parts of the fluid connection (46) and in a manner embedded in the fluid connection.

8. The hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The magnetic field generating device (44) is composed of a permanent magnet.

9. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 8, characterized in that The permanent magnet has a magnetic rod (58) which is inserted into the fluid connection (46) by means of a fixing screw (60) at an axial and radial spacing from a housing part of the attachment part (26).

10. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 9, characterized in that The fixing screw (60) configured as a magnetic screw is part of the permanent magnet.

11. The hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that The attachment portion (26) is made of a non-magnetizable material.

12. The hydraulic accumulator according to claim 11, characterized in that The non-magnetizable material is stainless steel.

13. The hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that A seal (52) is provided at a connection point between the attachment portion (26) and the accumulator housing (14).

14. An attachment part, which is provided as a retrofit assembly for a hydraulic accumulator according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that The magnetic field generating device (44) is inserted into a fluid connection (46) within the attachment part which has two outwardly directed fluid interface locations.

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