Simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation management technology for passion fruits in hilly and mountainous areas

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of passion fruit planting, in particular to a simplified high-yield efficient cultivation management technology for passion fruits in hilly and mountainous areas, and the cultivation management method comprises the following steps: planning a suitable planting area; mechanized soil preparation; performing field planting; field management and protection; and harvesting is suitable. Through organic integration of agriculture and agricultural machinery, mountain agricultural mechanization application is popularized, the labor intensity of orchard workers is relieved, the labor cost is reduced, and the orchard operation efficiency is improved. Meanwhile, a high-density planting mode is adopted, X-shaped trellis diagonal crossing planting on ridges is suitable for flat land, inverted L-shaped trellis planting on ridges is suitable for terraced fields or strip fields, intensive and mechanical management and protection are facilitated, the growth space, the light energy and the water and fertilizer utilization rate are increased, the orchard yield and the fruit quality are improved, and income and efficiency increase of fruit farmers is promoted.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of passion fruit planting, and in particular to a simplified, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas. Background Art

[0002] The scientific name of passion fruit is Passiflora, which is a herbaceous vine of the genus Passiflora in the family Passifloraceae. It is widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions, and more than 70 species are considered edible. The fruit is rich in nutrients and has a strong fragrance, and is deeply loved by consumers. There are many types of products on the market, mainly used as important raw materials and additives for high-end natural fruit juice drinks, jellies, jams, medicines and cosmetics, etc., with great market development and utilization value, and it is difficult to meet the growing market demand. At present, passion fruit relies on traditional planting methods, which has high labor intensity, low work efficiency, and high production costs, and cannot meet the needs of high-quality development of modern industries. The implementation of light simplification and mechanized cultivation can improve labor efficiency, reduce production costs, and improve the benefits of fruit farmers. Summary of the invention

[0003] To solve the above problems, the present invention provides a simplified, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas. The present invention can not only increase orchard yield and fruit quality, but also save labor and costs, and increase the income of fruit farmers through the organic integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery.

[0004] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0005] The present invention provides a simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:

[0006] S101, Planning of suitable planting areas: Select planting areas with an annual average temperature of no less than 18°C, an average temperature of no less than 17.5°C in April, and an average temperature of no less than 19°C in October, with precipitation between 1500 and 2000 mm and evenly distributed, and with deep, fertile, loose, breathable soil and good drainage;

[0007] S102, mechanized land preparation: before land preparation, use a manure spreader or transporter to evenly spread the decomposed manure or organic fertilizer on the ground of the orchard, apply 500-1000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, and then use a wheeled rotary tiller or a crawler rotary tiller to perform rotary tillage in the whole garden to mix the fertilizer and soil evenly, with a tillage depth of 20-25 cm. After the land preparation is completed, ridges are formed using a ridging and film covering machine or a ridging machine;

[0008] S103, Colonization:

[0009] S1031, planting time: in hilly and mountainous areas, planting is in mid-to-late April and early May. In open field cultivation, purple fruits are grown. In low-temperature river valleys and areas with high heat conditions, yellow fruits are chosen. In hilly and mountainous areas, one fruit is grown annually.

[0010] S1032, seedling selection: Select strong seedlings with green and shiny leaves, free of pests and diseases, and well-developed root systems. The height of the seedlings is 30-50 cm, the height of the large seedlings is 70-80 cm, and the stem thickness is 3-6 mm;

[0011] S1033, Frame type selection: For flat land, "X"-shaped trellises are used for diagonal cross planting; for terraced fields or strip fields, inverted "L"-shaped trellises are used for planting, and the support points of the trellises are all located on the ridges;

[0012] S104, Field Management:

[0013] S1041, trellising and vine binding: When the passion fruit seedlings are 30 cm tall, trellises are set up to guide the vines. A small semi-automatic vine binding machine is used. The side buds are wiped off every 7 days. Before putting them on the trellis, the side branches and flowers and fruits are thinned out.

[0014] S1042, orchard weeding: orchards use inter-row mulching or weed-proof cloth, inter-row grass covering, and mechanical mowing between rows, with stubble height within 10-15 cm;

[0015] S1043, assisted pollination: select the early morning when the weather is clear and the temperature is 18℃~23℃, carry out artificial assisted pollination or pollination with the help of honey bees and carpenter bees, stop pollination when the temperature exceeds 28℃, and spray an appropriate amount of attractant 0.3% borax + 0.1% sucrose at the same time to increase the stickiness of the stigma, attract bees, and improve effective pollination and fertilization;

[0016] S1044, Fertilizer and water management: Make use of the height difference of the terrain to build a reservoir, and transport it to the root area through drip irrigation belts. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizers are mainly used from the seedling stage to the early flowering stage. Urea is applied 2 to 3 times in the seedling stage to promote the nutrient growth of passion fruit and quickly put it on the shelves. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used in combination from the flowering stage to the fruit expansion stage. The principle of low nitrogen and high potassium is adopted. Passion fruit needs to absorb and utilize a large amount of potassium and a small amount of phosphorus nutrients. Supplement appropriate amounts of calcium and boron fertilizers. Spray 1% to 3% superphosphate on the leaves, 0.5% to 1% boron fertilizer plus 0.5% urea mixed spray to promote flower and fruit preservation and fruit expansion and coloring;

[0017] S1045, shaping and pruning: Make full use of the terrain and growing space. On flat land, the method of "one trunk, two vines, multiple levels and secondary vines" is adopted, and the secondary vines grow fully to both sides. On terraced strip fields, the method of "one trunk, multiple levels and primary vines" is adopted;

[0018] S1046, Mechanical Plant Protection: Use self-propelled small and medium-sized air-assisted sprayers or small drones for operation, with the flight altitude of 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the top of the frame and 3.5 to 4.0 meters from the ground;

[0019] S105, timely harvesting: Harvesting is chosen on a sunny morning. After picking, the fruits are placed in a cool and ventilated place. According to the transportation distance of the fruit, 60-70% coloring can be selected for long-distance transportation, 80%-90% coloring can be selected for short-distance transportation, 50%-90% coloring can be selected in summer, 80%-100% coloring is selected in spring and autumn, and 90% to fully ripe stage is selected in winter. For short-term storage, the cold storage should be disinfected and cooled down 2-3 days in advance, the storage temperature should be reduced to 10°C, the storage temperature should be kept constant, and the relative humidity should be below 80%.

[0020] Furthermore, in S101, the soil pH value was between 5.5 and 6.5, slightly acidic, and in the fields with poor drainage, drainage ditches were dug 50 to 60 cm deep to maintain smooth drainage.

[0021] Furthermore, in S102, the ridge bottom width is 90-100 cm, the ridge surface is 60-65 cm, the ridge height is 25-30 cm, and the ridge row spacing is about 4 m.

[0022] Furthermore, in S103, 220 to 300 plants are planted per mu, with a planting hole depth of about 20 to 30 cm to ensure that the root system is fully expanded and the interface of the grafted seedlings is 5 to 10 cm above the ground. In hilly and mountainous areas, the method of planting large seedlings once a year is adopted.

[0023] Furthermore, in S104, when the main trunk grows to 5 to 10 centimeters from the top of the frame, it is topped to promote the tillering of the primary vine. When the primary vine grows to about 1.5 to 2 meters, it is topped. When the secondary vine grows to 60 to 70 cm, it is topped. After the fruit is harvested, each secondary side vine is cut short, retaining two buds to promote the sprouting growth of new vines and flowering and fruiting.

[0024] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the present invention provides a simplified, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for passion fruit, which adopts a method of organic integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery, adopts diagonal cross planting of "X"-shaped trellises on flat land, and adopts inverted "L"-shaped trellises for planting in terraced fields or strip fields, which is convenient for intensive and mechanized management and maintenance, saves labor and reduces production costs, improves the utilization rate of growth space, light energy and water and fertilizer, increases orchard output and fruit quality, and promotes increased income and efficiency of fruit farmers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] In order to more clearly illustrate the advantages of the present technical solution, a brief introduction will be given below using examples as drawings.

[0026] Figure 1 This is a simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology schematic diagram for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas;

[0027] Figure 2 Figure a shows the diagonal planting of passion fruit on an "X" shaped trellis;

[0028] Figure 3 Figure b shows the diagonal planting of passion fruit on an "X" shaped trellis;

[0029] Figure 4 This is the planting diagram of passion fruit on an inverted "L" shaped trellis. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The present invention provides a simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas, comprising the following steps:

[0031] Suitable planting area planning: The growth characteristics of passion fruit have high requirements for suitable temperature. Low temperature in the early stage affects its growth, high temperature in the middle stage affects its pollination and fruit setting, and low temperature in the late stage affects its fruit color change and ripening.

[0032] In the present invention, the suitable planting range can be connected with the local meteorological department to confirm the area suitable for planting, the average temperature throughout the year is not less than 18°C, the average temperature in April is not less than 17.5°C, the average temperature in October is not less than 19°C, and the precipitation is between 1500 and 2000 mm and is evenly distributed.

[0033] In the present invention, the soil for planting is required to be deep and fertile, loose and breathable, well-drained, and have a pH value between 5.5 and 6.5. Passion fruit prefers water and fertilizer, but hates waterlogging. In orchards with poor drainage, drainage ditches with a depth of 40-50 cm should be dug.

[0034] Mechanized land preparation, using a wheeled rotary tiller or a crawler rotary tiller to till the entire garden, with a tillage depth of 20 to 25 cm. Before rotary tillage, use a manure spreader or transporter to evenly spread the decomposed manure or organic fertilizer on the orchard ground, applying 500 to 1,000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu.

[0035] Mechanized ridging: 2 to 3 days after land preparation, ridges are formed using a ridging and film covering machine or a ridging machine. The ridge bottom width is 90 to 100 cm, the ridge surface is 60 to 65 cm, the ridge height is 25 to 30 cm, and the ridge row spacing is 3 to 4 m.

[0036] After the orchard is prepared, pillars are erected and wire mesh is built to form a grid. The preferred pillars are cement pillars 8*8*250cm and 5cm galvanized round steel pipes. The pillars are spaced 4-6m apart, buried 50-60cm underground, and about 1.8m above ground. The horizontal and vertical beams between the pillars are connected in series with No. 10 steel wire, and reinforced with diagonal pillars or anchor lines all around.

[0037] Plant at the right time. In hilly and mountainous areas, the planting period is mid-to-late April and early May. The low temperature damage and late spring cold are over, and the ground temperature and weather temperature gradually rise, which is suitable for passion fruit planting.

[0038] For seedling selection, choose those with shiny green leaves, free of pests and diseases, and white roots covering the entire pot. The seedlings should be 30 to 50 cm tall, the large seedlings should be 70 to 80 cm tall, and the stems should be 3 to 6 mm thick. In hilly and mountainous areas, one seedling should be planted once a year and the large seedlings should be transplanted.

[0039] Regarding planting method, the relatively flat land in hilly and mountainous areas should adopt the diagonal cross planting method of "X" type trellis, while the terraced fields or strip fields should adopt the inverted "L" type trellis planting method.

[0040] High-density planting: 220 to 300 plants per mu. The planting hole should be about 20 to 30 cm deep to ensure that the root system is fully expanded. The interface of the grafted seedlings should be 5 to 10 cm above the ground. After planting, water the roots sufficiently and tamp the soil down firmly.

[0041] Build a trellis and tie up the vines. When the passion fruit seedlings are 30 cm tall, a trellis is needed to guide the vines. A small semi-automatic vine tying machine can be used. Wipe off the side buds every 7 days or so. Before putting them on the trellis, remove the side branches and flowers and fruits.

[0042] For mechanized mowing, orchards should use inter-row mulch or weed-proof cloth, inter-row grass covering, and use electric lawn mowers to mow the rows, with the stubble height controlled within 10-15cm.

[0043] For assisted pollination, choose early morning when the weather is clear and the temperature is 18℃~23℃ to carry out artificial assisted pollination or use bees or carpenter bees for pollination. Stop pollination when the temperature exceeds 28℃. You can spray an appropriate amount of attractant 0.3% borax + 0.1% sucrose to increase the stickiness of the stigma, attract bees, and improve effective pollination and fertilization.

[0044] Fertilizer and water are integrated, and a reservoir is built by utilizing the height difference of the terrain. The water is transported to the area around the root system through drip irrigation belts. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used from the seedling stage to the early flowering stage, and an appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer is used in combination. Urea is applied 2 to 3 times in the seedling stage to promote the nutritional growth of passion fruit and quickly put it on the shelves. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used in combination from after flowering to the fruit enlargement period, and the principle of low nitrogen and high potassium is adopted. A large amount of potassium and a small amount of phosphorus nutrients need to be absorbed and utilized, and an appropriate amount of calcium and boron fertilizers need to be supplemented. 1% to 3% superphosphate can be sprayed on the leaves, and 0.5% to 1% boron fertilizer plus 0.5% urea can be mixed and sprayed to promote flower and fruit preservation and fruit enlargement and coloring.

[0045] For shaping and pruning, the flat land adopts the method of "one trunk, two vines, multiple levels of secondary vines", and the secondary vines grow fully to both sides. The terraced strip fields adopt the method of "one trunk, multiple levels of primary vines". When the main trunk grows to 5 to 10 cm from the top of the frame, the top is pinched to promote the tillering of the primary vine. When the primary vine grows to about 1.5 to 2m, the top is pinched, and the secondary vine is pinched when it grows to 60 to 70cm. After the fruit is harvested, each secondary side vine is cut short, leaving two buds to promote the germination and flowering and fruiting of new vines.

[0046] Small-scale mechanical plant protection, combined with the different growth cycles of passion fruit and the locations where pests and diseases occur, adopts a combined ground and aerial plant protection method. Self-propelled small and medium-sized air-assisted sprayers are used on the ground, and small drones are used in the air. The flight altitude is 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the top of the frame and 3.5 to 4.0 meters from the ground.

[0047] Harvest at the right time, on a sunny morning, depending on the distance the fruit is transported. For long-distance transportation, 60-70% coloring can be chosen, for short-distance transportation, 80%-90% coloring can be chosen, in summer 85% coloring can be chosen, in spring and autumn the standard is more than 90% coloring, in winter, choose 90% to fully ripe stage.

[0048] For low-temperature storage, the fruits should be placed in a cool, ventilated place after picking. For short-term storage, the cold storage can be disinfected and cooled 2 to 3 days in advance, and the storage temperature can be reduced to 10°C. The storage temperature should be kept constant and the relative humidity should be below 80%.

[0049] In summary, the organic integration of "agronomy + agricultural machinery" provided by the present invention can significantly save labor, reduce production costs, and improve work efficiency. At the same time, "X"-shaped trellises are used for diagonal cross planting on flat land, and inverted "L"-shaped trellises are used for planting on terraces or strip fields, which is convenient for intensive and mechanized management and maintenance, improves the growth space, light energy and water and fertilizer utilization rate, increases orchard yield and fruit quality, and promotes fruit farmers to increase income and efficiency.

[0050] Although the present invention is disclosed as above by examples, it is not intended to limit the present invention. Anyone familiar with this technology can make various changes and modifications without departing from the essence and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be based on the definition of the claims.

Claims

1. A simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology for passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S101, Planning of suitable planting areas: Select planting areas with an average annual temperature of no less than 18°C, an average temperature of no less than 17.5°C in April, and an average temperature of no less than 19°C in October, with precipitation between 1500 and 2000 mm and evenly distributed, and with deep, fertile, loose, breathable soil and good drainage; S102, mechanized land preparation: before land preparation, use a manure spreader or transporter to evenly spread the decomposed manure or organic fertilizer on the ground of the orchard, apply 500-1000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, and then use a wheeled rotary tiller or a crawler rotary tiller to perform rotary tillage in the whole garden to mix the fertilizer and soil evenly, with a tillage depth of 20-25 cm. After the land preparation is completed, ridges are formed using a ridging and film covering machine or a ridging machine; S103, Colonization: S1031, planting time: in hilly and mountainous areas, planting is in mid-to-late April and early May. In open field cultivation, purple fruits are grown. In low-temperature river valleys and areas with high heat conditions, yellow fruits are chosen. In hilly and mountainous areas, one fruit is grown annually. S1032, seedling selection: Select strong seedlings with green and shiny leaves, free of pests and diseases, and well-developed root systems. The height of the seedlings is 30-50 cm, the height of the large seedlings is 70-80 cm, and the stem thickness is 3-6 mm; S1033, Frame type selection: For flat land, "X"-shaped trellises are used for diagonal cross planting; for terraced fields or strip fields, inverted "L"-shaped trellises are used for planting, and the support points of the trellises are all located on the ridges; S104, Field Management: S1041, trellising and vine binding: When the passion fruit seedlings are 30 cm tall, trellises are set up to guide the vines. A small semi-automatic vine binding machine is used. The side buds are wiped off every 7 days. Before putting them on the trellis, the side branches and flowers and fruits are thinned out. S1042, orchard weeding: orchards use inter-row mulching or weed-proof cloth, inter-row grass covering, and mechanical mowing between rows, with stubble height within 10-15 cm; S1043, assisted pollination: select the early morning when the weather is clear and the temperature is 18℃~23℃, carry out artificial assisted pollination or pollination with the help of honey bees and carpenter bees, stop pollination when the temperature exceeds 28℃, and spray an appropriate amount of attractant 0.3% borax + 0.1% sucrose at the same time to increase the stickiness of the stigma, attract bees, and improve effective pollination and fertilization; S1044, Fertilizer and water management: Make use of the height difference of the terrain to build a reservoir, and transport it to the root area through drip irrigation belts. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizers are mainly used from the seedling stage to the early flowering stage. Urea is applied 2 to 3 times in the seedling stage to promote the nutrient growth of passion fruit and quickly put it on the shelves. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used in combination from the flowering stage to the fruit expansion stage. The principle of low nitrogen and high potassium is adopted. Passion fruit needs to absorb and utilize a large amount of potassium and a small amount of phosphorus nutrients. Supplement appropriate amounts of calcium and boron fertilizers. Spray 1% to 3% superphosphate on the leaves, 0.5% to 1% boron fertilizer plus 0.5% urea mixed spray to promote flower and fruit preservation and fruit expansion and coloring; S1045, shaping and pruning: Make full use of the terrain and growing space. On flat land, the method of "one trunk, two vines, multiple levels of secondary vines" is adopted, and the secondary vines grow fully to both sides. On terraced strip fields, the method of "one trunk, multiple levels of primary vines" is adopted; S1046, Mechanical Plant Protection: Use self-propelled small and medium-sized air-assisted sprayers or small drones for operation, with the flight altitude of 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the top of the frame and 3.5 to 4.0 meters from the ground; S105, timely harvesting: Harvesting is chosen on a sunny morning. After picking, the fruits are placed in a cool and ventilated place. According to the transportation distance of the fruit, 60-70% coloring can be selected for long-distance transportation, 80%-90% coloring can be selected for short-distance transportation, 50%-90% coloring can be selected in summer, 80%-100% coloring is selected in spring and autumn, and 90% to fully ripe stage is selected in winter. For short-term storage, the cold storage should be disinfected and cooled down 2-3 days in advance, the storage temperature should be reduced to 10°C, the storage temperature should be kept constant, and the relative humidity should be below 80%.

2. The simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology of passion fruit in hilly mountainous areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S101, the soil pH value is between 5.5 and 6.5, slightly acidic. In fields with poor drainage, dig drainage ditches 50 to 60 cm deep to maintain smooth drainage.

3. The simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology of passion fruit in hilly mountainous areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S102, the ridge bottom width is 90-100 cm, the ridge surface is 60-65 cm, the ridge height is 25-30 cm, and the ridge row spacing is about 4 m.

4. The simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology of passion fruit in hilly mountainous areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S103, 220 to 300 plants are planted per mu, and the planting hole depth is about 20 to 30 cm to ensure that the root system is fully expanded. The interface of the grafted seedlings is 5 to 10 cm above the ground. In hilly and mountainous areas, the method of planting large seedlings once a year is adopted.

5. The simplified high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation and management technology of passion fruit in hilly and mountainous areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: In S104, when the main trunk grows to 5 to 10 centimeters from the top of the frame, it is topped to promote the tillering of the primary vine. When the primary vine grows to about 1.5 to 2 meters, it is topped. When the secondary vine grows to 60 to 70 cm, it is topped. After the fruit is harvested, each secondary side vine is cut short, retaining two buds to promote the sprouting growth of new vines and flowering and fruiting.

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