Electric nickel production workshop

Abstract

The invention discloses an electric nickel production workshop which is used for producing electric nickel and comprises a first workshop, a second workshop, an electrolytic bath, a plurality of functional units, a supporting platform and a transfer mechanism, the second workshop and the first workshop are sequentially arranged in the horizontal direction, and the first floor of the second workshop is connected with the first floor of the first workshop; the electrolytic bath is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop; the plurality of functional units are arranged in a first workshop and are used for processing polar plates in an electric nickel production process; the supporting platform is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop, and the hanging height of the polar plate on the supporting platform is the same as the hanging height of the polar plate in the electrolytic bath; the transfer mechanism is arranged between the first workshop and the second workshop and used for transferring the polar plates between the first workshop and the second workshop. According to the electric nickel production workshop, the service life of the equipment of the multiple functional units is prolonged, the environmental friendliness of the equipment during operation is improved, the lifting stroke of the polar plate of the second workshop during the transfer process is reduced, and the production efficiency and the safety are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention mainly relates to the technical field of pole piece production, and in particular to an electro-nickel production workshop. Background Art

[0002] In the prior art, all production line units in the nickel electrolytic workshop are concentrated on the first floor of the first workshop, and the electrolytic cells are arranged on the second floor of the first workshop. Materials need to be transferred between the electrolytic cells on the second floor and the equipment on the first floor. Ordinary cranes have a high lifting stroke, low loading efficiency and poor safety.

[0003] The first workshop is equipped with electrolytic cells, which contain acidic electrolyte. During the electrolysis process, the electrolyte evaporates due to heat, which increases the corrosiveness of the surrounding acid mist environment, affecting the service life of the equipment structure and electrical components in the main span. In addition, when equipment fails and requires temporary maintenance, the time of the dedicated electrolytic crane for loading the tank is required, which affects production operations and reduces work efficiency. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. To this end, the present invention proposes an electrolytic nickel production workshop, which prolongs the service life of equipment of multiple functional units and the environmental friendliness of equipment operation, reduces the lifting stroke during the plate transfer process in the second workshop, and improves production efficiency and safety.

[0005] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrolytic nickel production workshop is used to produce electrolytic nickel and includes: a first workshop, a second workshop, an electrolytic cell, multiple functional units, a support platform and a transfer mechanism, the second workshop and the first workshop are arranged in sequence in a horizontal direction, and the first floor of the second workshop is connected to the first floor of the first workshop; the electrolytic cell is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop; multiple functional units are arranged in the first workshop for processing the electrode plates in the electrolytic nickel production process; the support platform is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop, and the distance h between the height of the electrode plates suspended on the support platform and the height of the electrode plates suspended in the electrolytic cell satisfies: -500mm≤h≤500mm; the transfer mechanism is arranged in the first workshop and the second workshop, and is used to transfer the electrode plates between the first floor of the first workshop and the second floor of the second workshop.

[0006] According to the electrolytic nickel production workshop of the embodiment of the present invention, by arranging the electrolytic cell on the second floor of the second workshop, and arranging multiple functional units in the first workshop, the multiple functional units and the corresponding operating rooms are far away from the electrolytic cell, so as to avoid the equipment structure and electrical components of the multiple functional units from being exposed to the acidic corrosive air, the service life of the equipment is long, and the working environment of the operator can be made more friendly. The support platform is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop, and the height at which the plate is suspended on the support platform is substantially the same as the height at which it is suspended in the electrolytic cell, so as to avoid the lifting stroke of the internal transfer equipment of the second workshop as much as possible, and further improve the production efficiency and safety of the electrolytic nickel production workshop. The transfer mechanism is used to transfer the plate between the first floor of the first workshop and the second floor of the second workshop, and the equipment used to transfer the plate from the electrolytic cell to the transfer mechanism in the second workshop does not need to be lifted, so as to reduce the lifting stroke of the transfer equipment in the second workshop, and improve the production efficiency and safety.

[0007] In some embodiments of the present invention, the transfer mechanism includes: a lifting mechanism and a driving mechanism, the lifting mechanism extends in the up and down directions, the upper end extends to the second floor of the second workshop, and the lower end extends to the first floor of the second workshop; the driving mechanism drives the pole plate to be transferred between the supporting platform and the lifting mechanism.

[0008] In some embodiments of the present invention, the transfer mechanism is a plurality of transfer mechanisms arranged at intervals, and the electrolytic nickel production workshop further includes: a first transfer vehicle, and the first transfer vehicle is used to transfer the electrode plate between the plurality of support platforms.

[0009] In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrolytic nickel production workshop further includes: a special crane hoist for the electrolytic cell, which is arranged in the second workshop and is used to transport the electrode plate between the support platform and the electrolytic cell.

[0010] In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrolytic nickel production workshop further includes: a second transfer vehicle, which is arranged in the first workshop and is used to transport the electrode plates between the plurality of functional units.

[0011] In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrode plate includes a titanium seed plate, a nickel starting electrode sheet, electrolytic nickel, a conductive rod, and a lug.

[0012] In some embodiments of the present invention, the functional unit further includes: a primary processing device, and the primary processing device is used to realize the manufacturing of the nickel starting electrode sheet.

[0013] In some embodiments of the present invention, the functional unit further includes: a secondary processing device, and the secondary processing device includes scalding the electro-nickel, extracting and cleaning the conductive rods, and stacking the electro-nickel.

[0014] In some embodiments of the present invention, the functional unit further comprises: a stripping unit, and the stripping unit is used to strip the nickel starter sheet from the titanium seed plate.

[0015] In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one of the support platforms close to the stripping unit is provided with a pre-stripping device and a manual inspection area in sequence in the horizontal direction.

[0016] Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will be given in part in the following description and in part will be obvious from the following description, or will be learned through practice of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and easily understood from the description of the embodiments in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

[0018] Figure 1 is a top view of a nickel electrolytic production workshop according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 2 is a stereoscopic diagram of a first transfer mechanism according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0020] Reference numerals:

[0021] 100. Electronickel production workshop;

[0022] 1. First workshop; 11. Functional unit; 111. Stripping unit; 112. Primary processing device; 113. Secondary processing device; 12. Second transfer vehicle;

[0023] 2. The second workshop; 21. Electrolytic cell; 22. Special crane for electrolytic cell; 23. The first floor of the second workshop; 24. The second floor of the second workshop;

[0024] 3. Transfer mechanism; 31. First transfer mechanism; 32. Second transfer mechanism; 33. Third transfer mechanism; 34. Fourth transfer mechanism; 35. Lifting mechanism; 351. Bracket; 352. Sprocket; 353. Chain; 36. Support platform. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals throughout represent the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain the present invention, and cannot be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0026] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" and the like indicate positions or positional relationships based on the positions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention. In addition, features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, "multiple" means two or more.

[0027] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0028] Reference below Figure 1-Figure 2 The electrolytic nickel production workshop 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is described.

[0029] like Figure 1 As shown, the electrolytic nickel production workshop 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first workshop 1, a second workshop 2, an electrolytic cell 21, a plurality of functional units 11 and a transfer mechanism 3.

[0030] Specifically, the nickel production workshop 100 is used to produce nickel. As an important component of nickel batteries, nickel plays an important role in, for example, pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles and hydrogen engine vehicles. It can be used as a power battery or auxiliary power source to provide stable and reliable power support and extend the vehicle's range and service life.

[0031] like Figure 1As shown, the second workshop 2 and the first workshop 1 are arranged in sequence in the horizontal direction, the first floor 23 of the second workshop is connected to the first floor of the first workshop 1, the electrolytic cell 21 is arranged on the second floor 24 of the second workshop, and is used for electrolytic deposition of semi-finished products of electro-nickel, and multiple functional units 11 are arranged in the first workshop 1, and are used for processing semi-finished products of plates in the process of electro-nickel production. Multiple functional units 11 and corresponding operating rooms are far away from the electrolytic cell 21, so that the equipment structure and electrical components of multiple functional units 11 are prevented from being exposed to strong acidic corrosive air, the service life of the equipment is long, the service life of multiple functional units 11 is long, and the working environment of the operator can be more friendly.

[0032] The support platform 36 is arranged on the second floor 24 of the second workshop, and the distance h between the height at which the plate is suspended on the support platform 36 and the height at which the plate is suspended in the electrolytic cell 21 satisfies: -500mm≤h≤500mm. It is understandable that the distance between the height at which the plate is suspended on the support platform 36 and the height at which the plate is suspended in the electrolytic cell 21 may be -500mm, -450mm, -400mm, -350mm, -300mm, -250mm, -200mm, -150mm, -100mm, -50mm, 0mm, 50mm, 100mm, 150mm, 200mm, 250mm, 300mm, 350mm, 400mm, 450mm or 500mm.

[0033] The support platform 362 is used to suspend the electrode plate. The upper end of the support platform 36 is substantially flush with the upper end of the electrolytic cell 21, that is, the height at which the electrode plate is suspended on the support platform 36 is similar to the height at which it is suspended in the electrolytic cell 21 (the height at which the electrode plate is suspended on the support platform 36 is within the range of ±500mm from the height at which it is suspended in the electrolytic cell 21). This avoids the lifting and lowering stroke of the internal transfer equipment of the second workshop 2 as much as possible, thereby further improving the production efficiency and safety of the electronickel production workshop 100.

[0034] like Figure 1 As shown, the transfer mechanism 3 is arranged in the first workshop 1 and the second workshop 2, and is used to transfer the electrode plates between the first floor of the first workshop 1 and the second floor 24 of the second workshop. For example, the transfer mechanism 3 extends in the horizontal direction, and one end of the transfer mechanism 3 in the width direction extends to the area of ​​the second workshop 2 where the electrolytic cell 21 is provided. At least part of the transfer mechanism 3 extends downward to the first floor 23 of the second workshop and is connected to the first workshop 1. At this time, the transfer mechanism 3 can realize the transfer of the electrode plates between the first floor of the first workshop 1 and the second floor 24 of the second workshop. The equipment in the second workshop 2 for transferring the electrode plates from the electrolytic cell 21 to the transfer mechanism 3 does not need to be lifted or lowered, thereby reducing the lifting stroke of the transfer equipment in the second workshop 2 and improving production efficiency and safety.

[0035] According to the nickel production workshop 100 of the embodiment of the present invention, by arranging the electrolytic cell 21 on the second floor 24 of the second workshop, and arranging the multiple functional units 11 in the first workshop 1, the multiple functional units 11 and the corresponding operating rooms are far away from the electrolytic cell 21, so as to avoid the equipment structure and electrical components of the multiple functional units 11 from being exposed to the acidic corrosive air, the service life of the equipment is long, and the working environment of the operator can be made more friendly. The support platform 36 is arranged on the second floor 24 of the second workshop, and the height at which the plate is suspended on the support platform 36 is substantially the same as the height at which it is suspended in the electrolytic cell 21, so as to avoid the lifting stroke of the internal transfer equipment of the second workshop 2 as much as possible, and further improve the production efficiency and safety of the nickel production workshop 100. The transfer mechanism 3 is used to transfer the plate between the first floor of the first workshop 1 and the second floor 24 of the second workshop, and the equipment of the second workshop 2 for transferring the plate from the electrolytic cell 21 to the transfer mechanism 3 does not need to be lifted, so as to reduce the lifting stroke of the transfer equipment of the second workshop 2, and improve the production efficiency and safety.

[0036] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the transfer mechanism 3 includes a lifting mechanism 35, which extends in the up and down directions, with the upper end extending to the second floor 24 of the second workshop and the lower end extending to the first floor 23 of the second workshop, thereby realizing the transfer of the electrode plates between the first floor 23 of the second workshop and the second floor 24 of the second workshop.

[0037] In some embodiments of the present invention, the transfer mechanism 3 also includes a driving mechanism, which drives the electrode plate to be transferred between the supporting platform 36 and the lifting mechanism 35, so that the electrode plate can be moved between the first floor 23 of the second workshop and the second floor 24 of the second workshop, thereby facilitating the transfer process of the electrode plate, and the transfer of the electrode plate is relatively simple and reliable.

[0038] Furthermore, if Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the lifting mechanism 35 includes a bracket 351, a sprocket 352 and a chain 353. The sprocket 352 is arranged on the bracket 351 and is a plurality of sprockets spaced apart in the up and down direction; the chain 353 is sleeved on the plurality of sprockets 352, and the support platform 36 is fixedly connected to the chain 353. The chain 353 and the sprocket 352 realize chain transmission. Compared with other transmission modes, the chain transmission is more compact in structure, can save space and reduce the complexity and weight of the overall equipment. And the transmission ratio of the chain transmission is relatively stable, which can ensure the accuracy and reliability of power transmission to a certain extent. The installation and maintenance of the chain transmission system are relatively simple, and no complicated adjustment and maintenance procedures are required. The maintenance cost of the lifting mechanism 35 is reduced and its reliability and maintainability are improved.

[0039] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1As shown, the transport mechanism 3 is arranged in multiple intervals. For example, the transport mechanism 3 may include a first transport mechanism 31 for transporting the electrode plate to the first workshop 1, a second transport mechanism 32 for transporting the electrode plate back to the second floor 24 of the second workshop, a third transport mechanism 33 for transporting the electrode plate to the first workshop 1, and a fourth transport mechanism 34 for transporting the electrode plate to the second floor 24 of the second workshop, so as to achieve different transport effects and increase the working efficiency of the transport mechanism 3.

[0040] Of course, the present invention is not limited to this, and a certain transfer mechanism 3 can be reduced, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost of the electrolytic nickel production workshop 100.

[0041] The electrolytic nickel production workshop 100 further includes a first transfer vehicle, which is used to transfer the electrode plates between the plurality of support platforms 36. For example, there are a plurality of first transfer mechanisms 31, and the first transfer vehicle transfers the electrode plates between the support platforms 36 of the plurality of first transfer mechanisms 31, so as to facilitate the transfer of a plurality of groups of electrode plates to the first workshop 1.

[0042] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1 As shown, the electrolytic nickel production workshop 100 also includes a special crane hoist 22 for electrolytic cells. The special crane hoist 22 for electrolytic cells is arranged in the second workshop 2 and is used to transport the electrode plates between the support platform 36 and the electrolytic cells 21. The special crane hoist 22 for electrolytic cells does not need to perform lifting operations from the second workshop 2 to the first workshop 1, which reduces the lifting stroke of the transfer equipment in the second workshop 2 and improves production efficiency and safety.

[0043] In addition, the pick-up and placement height of the electrode plates on the support platform 36 is substantially consistent with the pick-up and placement height of the electrode plates in the electrolytic cell 21, so as to avoid the lifting and lowering stroke of the electrolytic cell-specific crane 22 as much as possible.

[0044] In this embodiment, the electrolytic cell special crane hoist 22 is a special electrolysis crane, which is used to realize material transfer between the electrolytic cell 21 and the supporting platform 36, so that the special electrolysis crane can achieve the best operating efficiency.

[0045] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1 As shown, the electrolytic nickel production workshop 100 also includes a second transfer vehicle 12, which is arranged in the first workshop 1 and is used to transport the electrode plates between the multiple functional units 11. When a functional unit 11 is temporarily repaired, it will not occupy the use of the electrolytic cell dedicated crane 22, and will not affect the normal material loading and unloading operation of the other functional units 11.

[0046] In some embodiments of the present invention, the electrode plate includes a titanium seed plate, a nickel starting electrode sheet, electrolytic nickel, a conductive rod, and a lifting lug.

[0047] Furthermore, if Figure 1As shown, the functional unit 11 includes a stripping unit 111, which is used to strip the nickel starting plate from the titanium seed plate. After stripping, the titanium seed plate can be returned to the second workshop 2 to realize the circular production of the electrolytic nickel production workshop 100.

[0048] In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one supporting platform 36 close to the stripping unit 111 is provided with a pre-stripping device and a manual inspection area in sequence in the horizontal direction, so that the titanium seed plate and the nickel starting sheet attached to the titanium seed plate can be pre-stripped once during the transportation process, and then the stripping effect can be manually inspected, thereby increasing the success rate of stripping the nickel starting sheet from the titanium seed plate.

[0049] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1 As shown, the functional unit 11 further includes a primary processing device 112, which is used to manufacture the nickel starting electrode sheet, so as to facilitate the preliminary processing of the electrolytic nickel.

[0050] Specifically, the titanium seed plate reacts with the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell 21 to produce a nickel starting plate on the surface of the titanium seed plate, and then is transported to the transfer mechanism 3 by the electrolysis-specific vehicle, and then is transported to the first floor 23 of the second workshop by the transfer mechanism 3, and enters the first floor of the first workshop 1. During the transportation process, a pre-stripping is first performed, and then the stripping effect is manually inspected, and finally it is transported to the stripping unit 111 to achieve the stripping of the nickel starting plate. After stripping the nickel starting plate, the titanium seed plate returns to the second workshop 2 again. The nickel starting plate enters the primary processing device 112 for primary processing.

[0051] Furthermore, the primary processing device 112 includes a trimming station, a straightening station, an embossing station and an ear connecting station. The trimming station is used to trim the nickel starting electrode sheet; the straightening station is used to straighten the nickel starting electrode sheet; the embossing station is used to emboss the nickel starting electrode sheet; and the ear connecting station is used to connect the ears of the nickel starting electrode sheet.

[0052] Specifically, the titanium seed plate reacts with the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell 21 to produce a nickel starting plate on the surface of the titanium seed plate, and then is transported to the transfer mechanism 3 by the electrolysis-specific vehicle, and then is transported to the first floor 23 of the second workshop by the transfer mechanism 3, and enters the first floor of the first workshop 1. During the transportation process, a pre-stripping is first performed, and then the stripping effect is manually inspected, and finally it is transported to the stripping unit 111 to achieve the stripping of the nickel starting plate. After stripping the nickel starting plate, the titanium seed plate returns to the second workshop 2 again. The nickel starting plate enters the primary processing device 112 for trimming, straightening, embossing and ear connection. After the primary processing is completed, the nickel starting plate returns to the second workshop 2 via the transfer mechanism 3, returns to the electrolytic cell 21 as a cathode for secondary electrolysis to form electronickel, and is transported back to the first workshop 1.

[0053] In some embodiments of the present invention, Figure 1 As shown, the functional unit 11 also includes a secondary processing device 113, which includes scalding of the electro-nickel, extraction and cleaning of the conductive rods, and stacking of the electro-nickel. After the scalding of the electro-nickel, extraction and cleaning of the conductive rods, etc., the electro-nickel can be packaged into product stacks and finally transported to the product warehouse by a forklift.

[0054] In this embodiment, the materials in the nickel electrolytic production process are connected in series at different input and output ends of the production workshop in sequence, so as to realize the automatic transportation and storage of the plates between the units, and the nickel electrolytic production workshop 100 has strong production flexibility.

[0055] Other structures and operations of the nickel electrolytic production workshop 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention are known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail here.

[0056] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "illustrative embodiments", "examples", "specific examples", or "some examples" means that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representation of the above terms does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described may be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner.

[0057] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An electrolytic nickel production workshop, characterized in that: For the production of electrolytic nickel and comprising: Workshop 1; A second workshop, wherein the second workshop and the first workshop are arranged in sequence in a horizontal direction, and the first floor of the second workshop is connected to the first floor of the first workshop; An electrolytic cell, which is located on the second floor of the second workshop; A plurality of functional units, wherein the plurality of functional units are arranged in the first workshop and are used for processing the electrode plates in the production process of electrolytic nickel; A support platform, the support platform is arranged on the second floor of the second workshop, and the distance h between the height at which the electrode plate is suspended on the support platform and the height at which the electrode plate is suspended in the electrolytic cell satisfies: -500mm≤h≤500mm; A transfer mechanism is provided in the first workshop and the second workshop, and is used for transferring the electrode plates between the first floor of the first workshop and the second floor of the second workshop.

2. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: The transfer mechanism comprises: A lifting mechanism, wherein the lifting mechanism extends in an up-down direction, with an upper end extending to the second floor of the second workshop and a lower end extending to the first floor of the second workshop; A driving mechanism drives the pole plate to be transferred between the supporting platform and the lifting mechanism.

3. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: The transfer mechanism is a plurality of transfer mechanisms arranged at intervals, and the electro-nickel production workshop further includes: A first transfer vehicle is used to transfer the electrode plates between the plurality of support platforms.

4. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also includes: A special crane hoist for the electrolytic cell, which is arranged in the second workshop and is used to transport the electrode plate between the supporting platform and the electrolytic cell.

5. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also includes: A second transfer vehicle is provided in the first workshop and is used for transporting the electrode plates between the plurality of functional units.

6. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrode plate includes a titanium seed plate, a nickel starting electrode sheet, electrolytic nickel, a conductive rod, a lifting lug, and the like.

7. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 6, characterized in that: The functional unit comprises: A primary processing device is used to manufacture the nickel starting electrode sheet.

8. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 6, characterized in that: The functional unit also includes: A secondary processing device includes scalding the electro-nickel, extracting and cleaning the conductive rods, and stacking the electro-nickel.

9. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 1, characterized in that: The functional unit also includes: A stripping unit is provided, wherein the stripping unit is used to strip the nickel starting electrode sheet from the titanium seed plate.

10. The electrolytic nickel production workshop according to claim 9, characterized in that: At least one of the support platforms close to the stripping unit is provided with a pre-stripping device and a manual inspection area in sequence in a horizontal direction.

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