Anti-vibration gas-liquid heat exchanger

Abstract

The utility model provides an anti-vibration gas-liquid heat exchanger which comprises a gas pipe box, a liquid inlet pipe box is arranged on one side of the gas pipe box, a liquid outlet pipe box is arranged on the other side of the gas pipe box, a plurality of heat exchange pipes are arranged in the gas pipe box, the heat exchange pipes are respectively communicated with the liquid inlet pipe box and the liquid outlet pipe box, and a supporting plate is arranged in the gas pipe box. The two sides of each supporting plate are each provided with at least one anti-vibration partition plate, one end of each anti-vibration partition plate is connected with the corresponding supporting plate, the other end of each anti-vibration partition plate is connected with the adjacent liquid inlet pipe box or the adjacent liquid outlet pipe box or the other adjacent supporting plate, and the gas pipe box is divided into a plurality of cavities. The anti-vibration partition plate is provided with a plurality of flow guide holes, so that the cavities on the two sides of the anti-vibration partition plate can be communicated through the flow guide holes; on one hand, acoustic resonance in the gas-liquid heat exchanger can be effectively avoided, on the other hand, the distribution uniformity of airflow in the whole gas pipe box is improved, and the heat exchange efficiency of the whole gas-liquid heat exchanger is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The utility model relates to the technical field of heat exchange equipment, in particular to a vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger. Background Art

[0002] At present, gas-liquid heat exchangers have been widely used in the industrial field. However, under certain specific operating conditions, gas-liquid heat exchangers often experience acoustic resonance, generating resonance noise, and at the same time, heat exchange tubes and other components inside the heat exchanger will vibrate, which in serious cases affects the safety of related equipment.

[0003] Existing research has found that this acoustic resonance phenomenon often occurs in three ways: 1. Resonance caused by the coupling between the Karman vortex frequency and the acoustic standing wave frequency of the heat exchanger tube box air chamber; 2. Resonance caused by the coupling between the Karman vortex frequency and the natural frequency of the heat exchange tube; 3. Resonance caused by the simultaneous coupling between the Karman vortex frequency, the heat exchanger tube box and the structural mechanical resonance.

[0004] The most common vibration mode is the resonance caused by the coupling between the Karman vortex frequency and the acoustic standing wave frequency of the air chamber of the heat exchanger tube box. In order to avoid the vibration generated by the gas-liquid heat exchanger during the application process, the vibration-proof partition can be installed along the width direction of the heat exchanger tube box. However, although the setting of this partition can divide the heat exchanger tube box into multiple air chambers and reduce the width of the air chambers, after adding the partition, the air chambers are independent of each other, and the air flow between the air chambers cannot circulate, which affects the uniformity of the air flow in the entire heat exchanger tube box and reduces the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger. Utility Model Content

[0005] In view of this, the utility model aims to propose a vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger to solve the problem in the prior art that the uniformity of the airflow in the tube box of the heat exchanger with a vibration-proof partition is poor, which easily affects the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the utility model is implemented as follows:

[0007] A vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger comprises a gas pipe box, a liquid inlet pipe box is arranged on one side of the gas pipe box, and a liquid outlet pipe box is arranged on the other side, a plurality of heat exchange tubes are arranged in the gas pipe box, and the heat exchange tubes are respectively connected with the liquid inlet pipe box and the liquid outlet pipe box, and a support plate is arranged in the gas pipe box; at least one vibration-proof partition is arranged on both sides of the support plate, one end of the vibration-proof partition is connected with the support plate, and the other end of the vibration-proof partition is connected with the adjacent liquid inlet pipe box, or the adjacent liquid outlet pipe box, or another adjacent support plate, so as to divide the gas pipe box into a plurality of chambers; the vibration-proof partition is provided with a plurality of guide holes, so that the chambers on both sides of the vibration-proof partition can be connected through the guide holes.

[0008] Furthermore, at least two vibration-proof partitions are respectively arranged on both sides of the support plate. In the left-right direction, any two adjacent vibration-proof partitions are respectively recorded as the first partition and the second partition; in the projection direction from left to right, any guide hole of the first partition and any guide hole of the second partition are staggered.

[0009] Furthermore, a liquid inlet pipe is provided at one end of the liquid inlet pipe box, and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box; a liquid outlet pipe is provided at one end of the liquid outlet pipe box, and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box.

[0010] Furthermore, a liquid inlet box tube sheet is arranged on the side of the liquid inlet pipe box close to the gas pipe box, and a liquid outlet box tube sheet is arranged on the side of the liquid outlet pipe box close to the gas pipe box. One end of the heat exchange tube passes through the liquid inlet box tube sheet and is connected with the inner cavity of the liquid inlet pipe box, and the other end passes through the liquid outlet box tube sheet and is connected with the inner cavity of the liquid outlet pipe box.

[0011] Furthermore, the support plate adjacent to the liquid inlet pipe box is recorded as the first support plate. For the vibration-proof baffle arranged between the liquid inlet pipe box and the first support plate, a reinforcing rib is arranged on the side of the liquid inlet box tube plate facing the first support plate, a first slot is arranged at the end of the reinforcing rib close to the first support plate, a second slot corresponding to the first slot is arranged on the side of the first support plate facing the liquid inlet pipe box, one end of the vibration-proof baffle is engaged with the first slot, and the other end is engaged with the second slot.

[0012] Furthermore, the support plate adjacent to the liquid outlet pipe box is recorded as the second support plate. For the vibration-proof partition plate arranged between the liquid outlet pipe box and the second support plate, a reinforcing rib is arranged on the side of the liquid outlet box tube plate facing the second support plate, a first slot is arranged on the end of the reinforcing rib close to the second support plate, and a second slot corresponding to the first slot is arranged on the side of the second support plate facing the liquid outlet pipe box, one end of the vibration-proof partition plate is engaged with the first slot, and the other end is engaged with the second slot.

[0013] Furthermore, for the anti-vibration baffle disposed between any two adjacent support plates, one end of the anti-vibration baffle is welded to one support plate, and the other end is welded to the other support plate.

[0014] Furthermore, the gas pipe box has an air inlet and an air outlet, the air inlet is provided with an air inlet, the air outlet is provided with an air outlet, and a guide plate is provided inside the air inlet.

[0015] Furthermore, an anti-impact cone is arranged in the liquid inlet pipe box, and the conical surface of the anti-impact cone is directly opposite to the liquid inlet pipe.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger described in the utility model has the following advantages:

[0017] The utility model discloses an anti-vibration gas-liquid heat exchanger, by arranging an anti-vibration baffle with flow guide holes in the gas-liquid heat exchanger, which, on the one hand, divides the entire gas flow space in the gas pipe box into a plurality of chambers, and the acoustic standing wave frequency in each chamber will change, especially the space volume between each chamber can be different, and even the chamber shape can be different, which can destroy the coupling with the Karman vortex frequency in the heat exchange process and can effectively avoid the occurrence of acoustic resonance in the gas-liquid heat exchanger; on the other hand, the chambers on both sides of the anti-vibration baffle can be connected through the flow guide holes, so that the gases in the chambers on both sides of the anti-vibration baffle can flow and circulate with each other to a certain extent, which is beneficial to improving the uniformity of the distribution of the airflow in the entire gas pipe box, so that each chamber can have a relatively uniform gas-liquid heat exchange distribution, which is beneficial to improving the heat exchange efficiency of the entire gas-liquid heat exchanger. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The accompanying drawings constituting a part of the present invention are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention. The illustrative embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation on the present invention. In the accompanying drawings:

[0019] Figure 1 This is a schematic structural diagram of a vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to an embodiment of the utility model (a schematic diagram of the flow direction of the gas heat exchange medium);

[0020] Figure 2 For the utility model embodiment Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the cross section along the AA direction (corresponding to the flow direction of the liquid heat exchange medium);

[0021] Figure 3 For the utility model embodiment Figure 2 The partial enlarged view of B and C in the middle;

[0022] Figure 4 It is a schematic structural diagram of two adjacent anti-vibration partitions (respectively denoted as the first partition and the second partition) in an embodiment of the utility model.

[0023] Description of reference numerals:

[0024] 1. Liquid inlet pipe; 2. Liquid inlet pipe box; 3. Reinforcing ribs; 4. First baffle; 5. Second baffle; 6. Support plate; 60. Tube hole; 61. First support plate; 62. Second support plate; 7. Heat exchange tube; 8. Liquid outlet pipe box; 9. Liquid outlet pipe; 10. Gas pipe box; 11. Guide plate; 12. Air inlet; 13. Air inlet section; 14. Air outlet section; 15. Air outlet; 16. Guide hole; 171. Liquid inlet box tube sheet; 172. Liquid outlet box tube sheet; 181. First card slot; 182. Second card slot. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The following will use the terms commonly used by those skilled in the art to convey the essence of their work to other technical personnel in the art to describe the utility model concepts of the present disclosure. However, these utility model concepts can be embodied in many different forms and should not be considered as limited to the embodiments described herein.

[0026] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other. Directional terms in this application, such as "up, down, left, right", are used in conjunction with the attached Figure 1 , 2 The coordinates in are taken as the basis.

[0027] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with embodiments.

[0028] In the prior art, in order to avoid vibrations generated by the gas-liquid heat exchanger during use, an anti-vibration partition is often set along the width direction of the heat exchanger tube box. However, although the setting of such a partition can divide the heat exchanger tube box into multiple air chambers and reduce the width of the air chambers, after adding the partition, the air chambers are independent of each other, and the airflow between the air chambers cannot flow, which affects the uniformity of the airflow in the entire heat exchanger tube box and reduces the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger.

[0029] In order to solve the problem in the prior art that the uniformity of the air flow in the pipe box of the heat exchanger with the anti-vibration baffle is poor, which easily affects the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger, this embodiment proposes an anti-vibration gas-liquid heat exchanger, as shown in the attached Figure 1-4 As shown, the vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger includes a gas pipe box 10, and the gas pipe box 10 has an air inlet portion 13 and an air outlet portion 14. A liquid inlet pipe box 2 is arranged on one side of the gas pipe box 10, and a liquid outlet pipe box 8 is arranged on the other side. A plurality of heat exchange tubes 7 are arranged in the gas pipe box 10, and the heat exchange tubes 7 are respectively connected with the liquid inlet pipe box 2 and the liquid outlet pipe box 8. A support plate 6 is arranged in the gas pipe box 10 for supporting the heat exchange tubes 7; at least one vibration-proof partition is arranged on both sides of the support plate 6, one end of the vibration-proof partition is connected to the support plate 6, and the other end of the vibration-proof partition is connected to the adjacent liquid inlet pipe box 2 or the adjacent liquid outlet pipe box 8 or another adjacent support plate 6, so as to divide the gas pipe box 10 into a plurality of chambers; a plurality of guide holes 16 are arranged on the vibration-proof partition, so that the chambers on both sides of the vibration-proof partition can be connected through the guide holes 16.

[0030] Therefore, the present application arranges an anti-vibration baffle with a guide hole 16 in the gas-liquid heat exchanger. On the one hand, the entire gas flow space in the gas pipe box 10 is divided into multiple chambers. The acoustic standing wave frequency in each chamber will change, especially the space volume between each chamber can be different, and even the chamber shape can be different, which can destroy the coupling with the Karman vortex frequency during the heat exchange process and can effectively avoid the occurrence of acoustic resonance in the gas-liquid heat exchanger; on the other hand, the chambers on both sides of the anti-vibration baffle can be connected through the guide hole 16, so that the gas in the chambers on both sides of the anti-vibration baffle can flow and circulate with each other to a certain extent, which is beneficial to improving the uniformity of the distribution of the airflow in the entire gas pipe box 10, so that each chamber can have a relatively uniform gas-liquid heat exchange distribution, which is beneficial to improving the heat exchange efficiency of the entire gas-liquid heat exchanger.

[0031] In order to avoid deviations in understanding the accompanying drawings, it should be noted that if one support plate 6 is provided, an anti-vibration baffle is provided between the support plate 6 and the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and between the support plate 6 and the liquid outlet pipe box 8; if at least two support plates 6 are provided, an anti-vibration baffle is further provided between any two adjacent support plates 6. The anti-vibration baffle structure illustrated in the accompanying drawings of the present application is not a whole plate extending from the liquid inlet pipe box 2 to the liquid outlet pipe box 8, but a separate small plate body, which is independently provided between the liquid inlet pipe box 2 and its adjacent support plate 6, or between the liquid outlet pipe box 8 and its adjacent support plate 6, or between two adjacent support plates 6. Accordingly, the anti-vibration baffle and the support plate 6 do not penetrate each other.

[0032] At least two vibration-proof partitions are respectively arranged on both sides of the support plate 6. In the left-right direction, any two adjacent vibration-proof partitions are respectively recorded as the first partition 4 and the second partition 5. In the projection direction from left to right (or from right to left, ensuring the same-direction projection), any one of the guide holes 16 of the first partition 4 and any one of the guide holes 16 of the second partition 5 are staggered. Thus, by setting at least two vibration-proof partitions, it is helpful to further improve the vibration reduction effect to a certain extent; at the same time, the guide holes 16 of any two adjacent vibration-proof partitions are staggered, which can effectively change the gas flow direction on the one hand, which is helpful to improve the degree of turbulence of the airflow flowing between multiple chambers, so as to further improve the heat exchange efficiency of the entire gas-liquid heat exchanger. On the other hand, the staggered setting can also prevent the airflow from directly penetrating in the left-right direction, and avoid the situation where the vibration-proof partition fails locally.

[0033] The air inlet 12 is provided in the air inlet 13, and the air outlet 15 is provided in the air outlet 14. A guide plate 11 is provided in the air inlet 13, so that the gas enters from the air inlet 12 and passes through the diversion and diversion effects of the guide plate 11 to enter the gas pipe box 10 more evenly, avoiding the situation of "large air flow in the middle area of ​​the gas pipe box 10 and small air flow in the edge area", which is also beneficial for each heat exchange area in the gas-liquid heat exchanger to perform relatively uniform heat exchange.

[0034] A liquid inlet pipe 1 is arranged at one end of the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box 10; a liquid outlet pipe 9 is arranged at one end of the liquid outlet pipe box 8, and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box 10; so that the liquid can flow from the liquid inlet pipe box 2 into each heat exchange tube 7, and flow into the liquid outlet pipe box 8 after heat exchange. An anti-collision cone (not shown) is arranged in the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and the conical surface of the anti-collision cone is directly opposite to the liquid inlet pipe 1, so that the liquid flowing from the liquid inlet pipe 1 into the liquid inlet pipe box 2, under the action of the anti-collision cone, on the one hand, slows down the liquid flow rate to prevent the liquid from impacting the heat exchange component at high speed, and on the other hand, guides and diverts the liquid flow direction, so that the liquid can flow into each heat exchange tube 7 in a relatively dispersed and uniform manner.

[0035] Regarding the connection between the heat exchange tube 7 and the liquid inlet pipe box 2 and the liquid outlet pipe box 8, a liquid inlet box tube sheet 171 is provided on the side of the liquid inlet pipe box 2 close to the gas pipe box 10, and a liquid outlet box tube sheet 172 is provided on the side of the liquid outlet pipe box 8 close to the gas pipe box 10. One end of the heat exchange tube 7 passes through the liquid inlet box tube sheet 171 and is connected to the inner cavity of the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and the other end passes through the liquid outlet box tube sheet 172 and is connected to the inner cavity of the liquid outlet pipe box 8, thereby fixing the end portions of each heat exchange tube 7.

[0036] In addition, the support plate 6 is provided with a tube hole 60, and the heat exchange tube 7 is arranged in the tube hole 60, so that the support plate 6 can provide support for the middle part of the heat exchange tube 7. Figure 1 Understanding bias, Figure 1 The tube hole 60 marked in the figure is only used as a reference for a single support plate 6, and the corresponding position of the tube hole 60 is pointed out to facilitate understanding of the structure of the support plate 6. If the assembled heat exchanger as a whole is used as a reference, the tube hole 60 corresponds to the assembly of the heat exchange tube 7.

[0037] Regarding the connection of the anti-vibration partition, since there are three situations: between the liquid inlet pipe box 2 and its adjacent support plate 6, or between the liquid outlet pipe box 8 and its adjacent support plate 6, or between two adjacent support plates 6, this application introduces them separately.

[0038] For the vibration-proof partition plate disposed between any two adjacent support plates 6 , one end of the vibration-proof partition plate is welded to one support plate 6 , and the other end of the vibration-proof partition plate is welded to the other support plate 6 .

[0039] Next, for the convenience of description, the support plate 6 adjacent to the liquid inlet pipe box 2 is recorded as the first support plate 61, and the support plate 6 adjacent to the liquid outlet pipe box 8 is recorded as the second support plate 62. Of course, if only one support plate 6 is provided in the heat exchanger, the first support plate 61 and the second support plate 62 both refer to the only one support plate 6.

[0040] For the anti-vibration baffle arranged between the liquid inlet pipe box 2 and the first support plate 61, a reinforcing rib 3 is provided on the side of the liquid inlet box tube plate 171 of the liquid inlet pipe box 2 facing the first support plate 61, and a first clamping groove 181 is provided at the end of the reinforcing rib 3 close to the first support plate 61, and a second clamping groove 182 corresponding to the first clamping groove 181 is provided on the side of the first support plate 61 facing the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and one end of the anti-vibration baffle is clamped with the first clamping groove 181, and the other end is clamped with the second clamping groove 182.

[0041] The anti-vibration partition arranged between the liquid outlet pipe box 8 and the second support plate 62 is assembled in the same manner as the anti-vibration partition at the liquid inlet pipe box 2, that is, a reinforcing rib 3 is arranged on the side of the liquid outlet box tube plate 172 of the liquid outlet pipe box 8 facing the second support plate 62, a first clamping groove 181 is arranged on the end of the reinforcing rib 3 close to the second support plate 62, a second clamping groove 182 corresponding to the first clamping groove 181 is arranged on the side of the second support plate 62 facing the liquid outlet pipe box 8, one end of the anti-vibration partition is clamped with the first clamping groove 181, and the other end is clamped with the second clamping groove 182.

[0042] Therefore, the anti-vibration baffle located between two adjacent support plates 6 of the present application is welded and fixed, so that before assembling the heat exchanger, the heat exchange tube 7, the support plate 6, and the anti-vibration baffle can be formed into a firmly connected pre-installed module, which is convenient for the subsequent assembly of the heat exchanger and is also beneficial to improving the reliability of the entire tube sheet structure; the anti-vibration baffles at the liquid outlet pipe box 8 and the liquid inlet pipe box 2 (that is, the anti-vibration baffles at the two outer ends of the pre-installed module) are assembled by snap-fitting, which is convenient for disassembly and assembly, especially after the overall assembly of the heat exchanger, it is necessary to carry out sealing and other tests. If the test fails, it is convenient to remove the anti-vibration baffles at the liquid outlet pipe box 8 and the liquid inlet pipe box 2, and adjust the pre-installed module.

[0043] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger, It is characterized in that The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger comprises a gas pipe box (10), a liquid inlet pipe box (2) is arranged on one side of the gas pipe box (10), and a liquid outlet pipe box (8) is arranged on the other side. A plurality of heat exchange tubes (7) are arranged in the gas pipe box (10), and the heat exchange tubes (7) are respectively connected to the liquid inlet pipe box (2) and the liquid outlet pipe box (8). A support plate (6) is arranged in the gas pipe box (10); at least one vibration-proof partition is respectively arranged on both sides of the support plate (6), one end of the vibration-proof partition is connected to the support plate (6), and the other end of the vibration-proof partition is connected to the adjacent liquid inlet pipe box (2), or the adjacent liquid outlet pipe box (8), or another adjacent support plate (6), so as to divide the gas pipe box (10) into a plurality of chambers; the vibration-proof partition is provided with a plurality of guide holes (16), so that the chambers on both sides of the vibration-proof partition can be connected through the guide holes (16).

2. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that At least two vibration-proof partitions are respectively arranged on both sides of the support plate (6); in the left-right direction, any two adjacent vibration-proof partitions are respectively recorded as a first partition (4) and a second partition (5); in the projection direction from left to right, any guide hole (16) of the first partition (4) and any guide hole (16) of the second partition (5) are staggered.

3. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that A liquid inlet pipe (1) is provided at one end of the liquid inlet pipe box (2), and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box (10); a liquid outlet pipe (9) is provided at one end of the liquid outlet pipe box (8), and the other end is connected to the side wall of the gas pipe box (10).

4. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that A liquid inlet box tube sheet (171) is arranged on the side of the liquid inlet box (2) close to the gas box (10), and a liquid outlet box tube sheet (172) is arranged on the side of the liquid outlet box (8) close to the gas box (10); one end of the heat exchange tube (7) passes through the liquid inlet box tube sheet (171) and is connected to the inner cavity of the liquid inlet box (2), and the other end passes through the liquid outlet box tube sheet (172) and is connected to the inner cavity of the liquid outlet box (8).

5. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The support plate (6) adjacent to the liquid inlet pipe box (2) is recorded as the first support plate (61). For the vibration-proof partition plate arranged between the liquid inlet pipe box (2) and the first support plate (61), a reinforcing rib (3) is arranged on the side of the liquid inlet box tube plate (171) facing the first support plate (61), a first clamping groove (181) is arranged on the end of the reinforcing rib (3) close to the first support plate (61), and a second clamping groove (182) corresponding to the first clamping groove (181) is arranged on the side of the first support plate (61) facing the liquid inlet pipe box (2); one end of the vibration-proof partition plate is clamped with the first clamping groove (181), and the other end is clamped with the second clamping groove (182).

6. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The support plate (6) adjacent to the liquid outlet pipe box (8) is recorded as the second support plate (62). For the vibration-proof partition plate arranged between the liquid outlet pipe box (8) and the second support plate (62), a reinforcing rib (3) is arranged on the side of the liquid outlet box tube plate (172) facing the second support plate (62), a first clamping groove (181) is arranged on the end of the reinforcing rib (3) close to the second support plate (62), and a second clamping groove (182) corresponding to the first clamping groove (181) is arranged on the side of the second support plate (62) facing the liquid outlet pipe box (8), one end of the vibration-proof partition plate is clamped with the first clamping groove (181), and the other end is clamped with the second clamping groove (182).

7. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that For the vibration-proof partition plate arranged between any two adjacent support plates (6), one end of the vibration-proof partition plate is welded to one support plate (6), and the other end is welded to the other support plate (6).

8. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The gas pipe box (10) comprises an air inlet (13) and an air outlet (14); the air inlet (13) is provided with an air inlet port (12); the air outlet (14) is provided with an air outlet port (15); and a guide plate (11) is provided inside the air inlet (13).

9. The vibration-proof gas-liquid heat exchanger according to claim 1, It is characterized in that An anti-impact cone is arranged in the liquid inlet pipe box (2), and the cone surface of the anti-impact cone is directly opposite to the liquid inlet pipe (1).

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