Flue-cured tobacco nesting-free water and fertilizer integrated transplanting method

Abstract

The invention provides a nesting-free water and fertilizer integrated transplanting method for flue-cured tobaccos, which belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco transplanting and comprises the following steps: ridging along ditches or contour lines according to the row spacing of 120cm to create conditions for subsequent operation. The film covering and dropper laying all-in-one machine is used for achieving integration of film covering and dropper laying. Holes are punched in the mulching film, and preparation is made for tobacco seedling transplanting. Selecting high-quality strong seedlings, and transplanting tobacco seedlings by using a handheld transplanting device. The drip irrigation system comprises drip pipes, branch pipes, a main pipe, a pressure pump, a filter, a water tank and the like. Water, fertilizer and pesticide integrated drip irrigation is carried out three times after transplanting, pesticides include prevention and treatment of root knot nematode diseases, underground pests and two black diseases and application of compound fertilizer, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate and the like, and by means of procedure integration, water, fertilizer and pesticide integration, precise drip irrigation, staged nutrient supply and the like, the problems existing in a traditional flue-cured tobacco planting technology can be effectively solved; the production efficiency and the resource utilization rate are improved, precise management is achieved, and the requirements of modern agricultural development are met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco transplanting, and in particular relates to a flue-cured tobacco transplanting method that does not require nesting and integrates water and fertilizer. Background Art

[0002] As an important economic crop in my country, the innovation and optimization of flue-cured tobacco planting technology is of great significance to improving tobacco leaf yield and quality. Traditional flue-cured tobacco transplanting technology usually includes multiple tedious steps such as ridge making, nesting, applying base fertilizer, watering, applying pesticides in holes, transplanting tobacco seedlings, applying compound fertilizers in circles, covering with soil, watering for rooting, spraying pesticides, and covering with film. This traditional method has the following main problems:

[0003] First, there are many processes and the labor intensity is high. From ridge formation to film covering, more than ten processes are required, and each process requires manual operation, which is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also increases production costs. Especially in mountainous tobacco fields, the degree of mechanization is low and they rely more on manual operation, resulting in low production efficiency.

[0004] Secondly, resource utilization is low. In traditional methods, water, fertilizer and pesticides are applied separately, which easily leads to resource waste. For example, base fertilizer is easily washed away by rain after application; it is difficult to accurately control the amount of water used during watering, often resulting in over-irrigation; and pesticide spraying is easily affected by wind direction, resulting in reduced efficacy and environmental pollution.

[0005] Third, the survival rate and initial growth of tobacco seedlings are unstable. Under traditional transplanting methods, tobacco seedlings are easily affected by transplanting stress, and the unbalanced supply of water and fertilizer leads to a low survival rate of tobacco seedlings and slow or uneven initial growth.

[0006] Fourth, it is difficult to achieve precise management. Under traditional methods, the application of water, fertilizer and pesticides often relies on experience and judgment, which is difficult to accurately regulate according to the actual needs of tobacco plants, and easily leads to insufficient or excessive nutrient supply.

[0007] Fifth, it is not environmentally friendly enough. In traditional methods, excessive fertilization and improper use of pesticides can easily cause soil and water pollution, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture.

[0008] Sixth, it is difficult to adapt to the development trend of modern agriculture. With the reduction and aging of the rural labor force, the traditional labor-intensive flue-cured tobacco planting method is unsustainable and urgently needs to be transformed towards mechanization and intelligence.

[0009] In view of the above problems, the industry has been exploring more efficient, economical and environmentally friendly flue-cured tobacco planting technologies. In recent years, the application of water-fertilizer integration technology in other crops has achieved remarkable results, providing new ideas for flue-cured tobacco planting. However, due to the high requirements of flue-cured tobacco for refined water and fertilizer management, it is difficult to achieve ideal results by directly applying water-fertilizer integration technology to other crops.

[0010] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new flue-cured tobacco planting technology that can simplify the process and improve resource utilization. Summary of the invention

[0011] In view of this, the present invention provides a flue-cured tobacco transplanting method with integrated water and fertilizer without nesting, which can solve the technical problems of the existing flue-cured tobacco transplanting method with complex procedures and low resource utilization.

[0012] The present invention is achieved in that:

[0013] A first aspect of the present invention provides a flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:

[0014] S10. Use small ridging machinery to carry out ridging operations. Ridge along the ditch with a row spacing of 120 cm on flat land, and ridge along the contour line with a row spacing of 120 cm on sloping land;

[0015] S20, using the integrated film covering and dripping pipe laying machine to complete the film covering and dripping pipe laying operations, and adjusting the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film;

[0016] S30, use a special film punching machine to punch holes on the ground film, with a hole spacing of 50-55cm and a hole diameter of 8-10cm;

[0017] S40. Select high-quality disease-free seedlings and use a simple handheld transplanter to transplant the seedlings through the reserved holes on the film;

[0018] S50, install the drip irrigation system, including the connection of drip pipes, branch pipes, main pipes, pressure pumps, filters and vehicle-mounted water tanks;

[0019] S60, after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the first water solution, including the pesticide for controlling root-knot nematodes and underground pests;

[0020] S70, 5 days after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the second water-fertilizer-pesticide solution, including compound fertilizer, potassium nitrate and agents for preventing and treating two black diseases;

[0021] S80, 30 days after transplanting, according to 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the third water-fertilizer solution, including compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate;

[0022] S90. Start the drip irrigation system in sequence according to the preparation time to carry out three times of integrated drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine, so as to achieve efficient use of water, fertilizer and medicine in the process of flue-cured tobacco transplanting.

[0023] Among them, the step S10 specifically includes: selecting a small-scale ridging machine to determine the ridging method according to the terrain of the tobacco field, ridging along the furrows at a row spacing of 120 cm on flat land, and ridging along the contours at a row spacing of 120 cm on sloping land; adjusting the ridging machine parameters, including setting the ridging depth to 20 to 25 cm and matching the ridging width with the row spacing; advancing the machine evenly and steadily along the predetermined route to ensure the straightness and consistency of the furrows; and checking the ridging quality, including the uniformity of the ridge height, ridge width and furrows.

[0024] Furthermore, the step S20 specifically includes: selecting a film covering and dripping integrated machine, preparing film covering materials, selecting agricultural plastic film with a thickness of 0.008 to 0.012 mm, and the dripping tube is made of PE material with a specification of 16 times 0.2 times 150 mm; debugging the integrated machine, setting the film covering width to 100 to 110 cm; moving forward at a uniform speed along the ridge furrow to ensure that the film surface is flat and wrinkle-free, and the dripping tube is laid evenly and straightly; adjusting the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film, that is, placing the dripping tube above the ground film; checking the quality of film covering and dripping tube laying, and dealing with possible film surface damage or dripping tube blockage.

[0025] Furthermore, the step S30 specifically includes: selecting a special film punching machine with adjustable punching spacing and aperture functions; adjusting the hole spacing of the punching machine to 50 to 55 cm, and the aperture to 8 to 10 cm; performing punching operations along the film-covered ridge surface, and the operator advances the punching machine at a uniform speed in a straight line; keeping the ground film flat during the punching process to avoid wrinkles or damage; checking the punching quality, including the uniformity of the hole spacing, the consistency of the hole diameter, and the integrity of the hole edge; and repairing or re-punching unqualified holes.

[0026] Furthermore, the step S40 specifically includes: selecting high-quality disease-free seedlings, the standard for seedlings being 55 to 75 days old, 4 to 6 functional leaves, 10 to 15 cm high, 1.8 to 2.2 cm in stem circumference, well-developed root system, strong stem toughness, green to dark green leaf color, and no disease or insect infection; preparing a simple handheld transplanter that matches the perforated hole diameter, with a diameter of 8 to 10 cm; checking whether the drip irrigation system is working properly, ensuring that the soil moisture is appropriate and the soil moisture content is 60% to 70%; aligning the handheld transplanter with the holes reserved on the membrane and vertically inserting it into the soil to a depth of 10 cm to 12 cm; carefully placing the tobacco seedlings in the transplanter barrel to allow the roots to stretch naturally; slowly lifting the transplanter while pressing the soil around the tobacco seedlings; checking the quality of transplanting to ensure that the planting depth is appropriate, preferably with the heart leaves of the tobacco seedlings flush with the ground.

[0027] Furthermore, the step S50 specifically includes: planning the layout of the drip irrigation system, designing the layout of the main pipe, branch pipe and drip pipe; installing the main pipe, using PVC material with a diameter of 50 to 63 mm, and laying it along the edge of the field or the main road; connecting the branch pipe, using PE material with a diameter of 32 to 40 mm, and connecting it to the main pipe through a three-way or four-way with a ball valve; connecting the drip pipe to the branch pipe, using a dedicated bypass joint to ensure that the connection is firm and sealed; installing a pressure pump, selecting a centrifugal pump with a power between 0.75 and 2.2 kilowatts; installing a filter with a filtration accuracy of 120 mesh at the water inlet of the pressure pump; connecting a vehicle-mounted water tank, selecting a food-grade plastic water tank with a capacity of 1 to 2 cubic meters, and connecting it to the filter inlet.

[0028] Furthermore, the step S60 specifically includes: preparing a vehicle-mounted water tank with a capacity of not less than 1 cubic meter to ensure that the equipment is clean and pollution-free; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, the water quality is clean, and the pH value is between 6.5 and 7.5; adding an agent for preventing and controlling root-knot nematode disease, selecting "Avidin Sulfur Emulsion", and the dosage is 275 milliliters per mu; adding an agent for preventing and controlling underground pests, selecting "Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane", and the dosage is 130 grams per mu; starting the agitator and stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 10 to 15 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, testing the pH value of the solution with pH test paper to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.0, and testing the concentration of the solution with a hydrometer to ensure that it meets expectations.

[0029] Further, the step S70 specifically includes: cleaning and checking the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment to ensure that there are no residues from the previous medication; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, and the water quality requires a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5; adding compound fertilizer, selecting a compound fertilizer with an N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 14-16-15, and a dosage of 10 kilograms per mu; adding potassium nitrate, the dosage of which is 5 kilograms per mu; adding agents for preventing and controlling two black diseases, selecting 100 grams per mu of flumorph·ethylene aluminum wettable powder and 80 grams per mu of methyl thiophanate wettable powder; starting the agitator and stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 15 to 20 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, testing the conductivity of the solution with a conductivity meter to ensure that it is between 2.0 and 3.0 millisiemens per centimeter, and testing the pH of the solution with pH test paper to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.0.

[0030] Furthermore, the step S80 specifically includes: thoroughly cleaning the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment, which can be rinsed with clean water 2 to 3 times; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, and the water quality requires a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5; adding compound fertilizer, selecting a compound fertilizer with an N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 15-15-15, and the amount is 20 kilograms per mu; adding potassium sulfate, the amount is 20 kilograms per mu; starting the agitator, stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 20 to 25 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, using a conductivity meter to test the conductivity of the solution to ensure that it is between 2.5 and 3.5 millisiemens per centimeter, using pH test paper to test the pH of the solution to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.0, and using a hydrometer to measure the density of the solution, which should be between 1.05 and 1.10 grams per cubic centimeter.

[0031] Furthermore, the step S90 specifically includes: checking the integrity and functionality of the drip irrigation system, including the main pipe, branch pipe, dripper, valve, and filter components before each drip irrigation; setting drip irrigation parameters, controlling the drip irrigation rate at 2 to 4 liters per hour per dripper, and a single drip irrigation time of 2 to 3 hours; starting the first water-pharmaceutical drip irrigation after transplanting, patrolling the field during the drip irrigation process to observe whether the water output from the dripper is uniform; conducting the second water-fertilizer-pharmaceutical drip irrigation 5 days after transplanting, paying attention to the growth of the tobacco seedlings; implementing the third water-fertilizer drip irrigation 30 days after transplanting, adjusting the dripper position to cover the entire root area; evaluating the drip irrigation effect, measuring the soil moisture content, the ideal moisture content is 70 to 80% of the field water holding capacity, and observing the growth of the tobacco plants and the development of the root system.

[0032] Optionally, the coating material in step S20 is black or silver-black agricultural plastic film with a thickness of 0.01 mm and a width of 1.2 m; the dripper adopts a pressure-compensated dripper with a flow rate of 2 liters per hour and a dripper spacing of 30 cm.

[0033] Optionally, the simple handheld transplanter in step S40 is 40 to 50 cm long, 8 to 10 cm in diameter, and has an openable and closable movable door at the bottom; when transplanting, place the tobacco seedlings into the transplanter tube, insert the tube into the soil, open the movable door, slowly lift the transplanter, and lightly press the soil around the tobacco seedlings with the other hand.

[0034] Optionally, the pressure pump in step S50 is a variable frequency speed regulating centrifugal pump with a power of 1.5 kilowatts, a maximum head of 35 meters, and a maximum flow rate of 3.5 cubic meters per hour; the filter is a self-cleaning laminated filter with a filtration accuracy of 120 mesh and a filtration area of ​​not less than 400 square centimeters.

[0035] Optionally, the agitator in steps S60, S70 and S80 uses a paddle agitator driven by a variable frequency speed regulating motor, the diameter of the agitator paddle is 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the diameter of the water tank, and the length of the agitator shaft is 3 / 4 of the height of the water tank; during the stirring process, the stirring direction is changed every 5 minutes to improve the mixing uniformity.

[0036] Optionally, in step S90, after each drip irrigation is completed, clean water is injected into the drip irrigation system to flush the pipes, and the flushing time is not less than 10 minutes; the drippers are regularly checked and cleaned at least once a month, and the drippers can be soaked in a diluted food-grade citric acid solution for 30 minutes and then rinsed with clean water.

[0037] Optionally, in step S90, before the second and third water and fertilizer drip irrigations, a portable chlorophyll meter is used to measure the chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves. When the chlorophyll content is lower than 35SPAD value, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is appropriately increased; when the chlorophyll content is higher than 45SPAD value, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is appropriately reduced to achieve precise fertilization.

[0038] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the flue-cured tobacco nest-free water-fertilizer integrated transplanting method provided by the present invention are:

[0039] 1. Significantly simplify the process and improve production efficiency. The present invention simplifies the traditional 16 processes into 6 processes, greatly reducing the manual operation links. By adopting equipment such as ridging machinery, film laying and dripping integrated machine, and simple transplanter, mechanized and semi-automatic operation is realized, which greatly reduces labor intensity and improves work efficiency. Especially in mountainous tobacco fields, this simplified operation process is more advantageous, which helps to overcome terrain restrictions and improve production efficiency.

[0040] 2. Improve resource utilization. The present invention adopts the integrated water, fertilizer and pesticide drip irrigation technology to uniformly prepare water, fertilizer and pesticide and accurately deliver them to the roots of tobacco plants through the drip irrigation system. This method greatly improves the utilization rate of water, fertilizer and pesticide and reduces resource waste.

[0041] 3. Stabilize the survival rate and initial growth of tobacco seedlings. By accurately controlling the supply of water, fertilizer and pesticide, the method of the present invention can create a stable growth environment for tobacco seedlings, reduce transplanting stress, and improve the survival rate. At the same time, the initial growth of tobacco seedlings is more uniform and rapid, which is conducive to improving tobacco leaf yield and quality.

[0042] 4. Achieve precision management. The method of the present invention uses three quantitative and timed drip irrigations of water, fertilizer and medicine to accurately supply nutrients and medicines according to the needs of tobacco plants at different growth stages. This precise management method not only meets the growth needs of tobacco plants, but also avoids the problem of excess or insufficient nutrients. Through real-time monitoring and adjustment, the dynamic balance of tobacco plant growth can be achieved, effectively improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

[0043] In summary, the method of the present invention solves the technical problems of the existing flue-cured tobacco transplanting method, such as complicated procedures and low resource utilization. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] Figure 1 A flow chart of the method provided by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0046] like Figure 1 As shown, it is a flow chart of a flue-cured tobacco nest-free water-fertilizer integrated transplanting method provided by the present invention, and the method comprises the following steps:

[0047] S10. Use small ridging machinery to carry out ridging operations. Ridge along the ditch with a row spacing of 120 cm on flat land, and ridge along the contour line with a row spacing of 120 cm on sloping land;

[0048] S20, using the integrated film covering and dripping pipe laying machine to complete the film covering and dripping pipe laying operations, and adjusting the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film;

[0049] S30, use a special film punching machine to punch holes on the ground film, with a hole spacing of 50-55cm and a hole diameter of 8-10cm;

[0050] S40. Select high-quality disease-free seedlings and use a simple handheld transplanter to transplant the seedlings through the reserved holes on the film;

[0051] S50, install the drip irrigation system, including the connection of drip pipes, branch pipes, main pipes, pressure pumps, filters and vehicle-mounted water tanks;

[0052] S60, after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the first water solution, including the pesticide for controlling root-knot nematodes and underground pests;

[0053] S70, 5 days after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the second water-fertilizer-pesticide solution, including compound fertilizer, potassium nitrate and agents for preventing and treating two black diseases;

[0054] S80, 30 days after transplanting, according to 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the third water-fertilizer solution, including compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate;

[0055] S90. Start the drip irrigation system in sequence according to the preparation time to carry out three times of integrated drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine, so as to achieve efficient use of water, fertilizer and medicine in the process of flue-cured tobacco transplanting.

[0056] The specific implementation methods of the above steps are described in detail below:

[0057] The specific implementation method of step S10 is: using a small ridging machine to perform ridging operations, which specifically includes the following sub-steps: First, select a suitable ridging machine according to the terrain of the tobacco area, such as the Xiaobailong "Tianma A170" 10-horsepower multifunctional ridging machine. The machine has the characteristics of strong adaptability and flexible operation, and is suitable for use in mountainous tobacco areas. Secondly, determine the ridging method. On flat ground, ridges are formed along the ditch according to a row spacing of 120 cm; on sloping ground, contour ridging is performed according to a row spacing of 120 cm. The selection of row spacing is based on the growth requirements of flue-cured tobacco and the convenience of mechanized operations. Thirdly, adjust the relevant parameters of the ridging machine, such as the ridging depth and width, to ensure the quality of ridging. The ridging depth is usually controlled between 20-25 cm, and the width matches the row spacing. Finally, perform the actual ridging operation, and the operator needs to evenly and steadily advance the machine along the predetermined route to ensure the straightness and consistency of the ridge.

[0058] The main purpose of this step is to create a good soil environment for flue-cured tobacco planting. Ridging can improve soil structure, increase the thickness of the cultivated layer, and promote root development. At the same time, a reasonable ridge-building method is conducive to field drainage and soil and water conservation. On flat land, ridge-building along the ditch can effectively drain water and prevent water accumulation in the tobacco field; on sloping land, contour ridge-building can reduce soil erosion and protect arable land resources. In addition, the uniform row spacing setting provides convenient conditions for subsequent processes such as film covering, pipe laying and transplanting, which is conducive to improving work efficiency and accuracy.

[0059] The specific implementation method of step S20 is: use a film-covering and drip-laying integrated machine to complete the film-covering and drip-laying operations, and adjust the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, select a suitable film-covering and drip-laying integrated machine, such as the Xiaobailong "2M-1" film-covering and drip-laying integrated machine (gasoline engine, power 1.6 kilowatts) independently modified by tobacco farmers in tobacco areas. This integrated machine can complete the two operations of film-covering and drip-laying at the same time, greatly improving work efficiency. Secondly, prepare film-covering materials and drip-laying pipes. The film-covering material is an agricultural plastic film suitable for flue-cured tobacco growth, usually with a thickness of 0.008-0.012 mm; the drip-laying pipe is made of PE material, with a specification of 16×0.2×150 mm, and has good durability and anti-aging performance. Thirdly, debug the integrated machine to ensure that the film-covering device and the drip-laying device are working properly, and adjust the film-covering width and drip-laying position according to the actual situation in the field. Usually the film-covering width matches the ridge width, which is about 100-110 cm. Then, the film covering and pipe laying operation begins. The operator needs to move forward at a constant speed along the ridges that have been prepared to ensure that the film surface is flat and wrinkle-free, and the drip tubes are laid evenly and straight. During the operation, special attention should be paid to adjusting the drip irrigation method to drip irrigation on the film, that is, placing the drip tube above the ground film. Finally, check the quality of film covering and drip tube laying, and deal with possible problems in a timely manner, such as film surface damage and drip tube blockage.

[0060] The main purpose of this step is to create a favorable microenvironment for flue-cured tobacco cultivation and lay the foundation for the subsequent integrated management of water, fertilizer and medicine. Film covering can increase ground temperature, reduce water evaporation, inhibit weed growth and improve the soil environment. Adjusting the drip irrigation method to drip irrigation on the film is conducive to the precise delivery of water and nutrients, reducing leakage losses and improving utilization efficiency. At the same time, this method is also convenient for observing the drip irrigation effect and timely maintenance of the drip irrigation system. Integrated operation not only improves work efficiency, but also ensures the coordination of film covering and drip pipe laying, creating favorable conditions for subsequent flue-cured tobacco management.

[0061] The specific implementation method of step S30 is: use a special film puncher to punch holes on the ground film, with a hole spacing of 50-55 cm and a hole diameter of 8-10 cm. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, select a suitable special film puncher. The puncher should have adjustable punching spacing and aperture functions to adapt to different flue-cured tobacco planting requirements. Secondly, according to the flue-cured tobacco transplanting spacing requirements, the hole spacing of the puncher is adjusted to 50-55 cm. The selection of this range is based on the growth characteristics of flue-cured tobacco and the field management requirements, and can provide appropriate growth space for tobacco plants. Thirdly, according to the diameter of the barrel of a commonly used handheld transplanter, the aperture of the puncher is adjusted to 8-10 cm. This aperture range can meet the operational requirements of tobacco seedling transplanting, and will not be too large to affect the moisture retention effect of the ground film. Then, punching operations are performed along the ridge surface covered with film. The operator needs to advance the puncher at a uniform speed along a straight line to ensure that the position, size and spacing of each hole meet the requirements. During the drilling process, care should be taken to keep the ground film flat to avoid wrinkles or damage. Finally, check the drilling quality, including the uniformity of hole spacing, consistency of hole diameter, and integrity of hole edges. If unqualified holes are found, they should be repaired or re-drilled in time.

[0062] The main purpose of this step is to create conditions for flue-cured tobacco transplanting while ensuring the overall effect of the film covering. Reasonable hole spacing (50-55 cm) can ensure that the tobacco plants have enough growth space, which is conducive to the uniform distribution of tobacco plants and facilitates field management and mechanized operations. The appropriate hole diameter (8-10 cm) can meet the needs of transplanting operations while maximizing the integrity of the ground film and maintaining the heat preservation and moisture retention effect of the film covering. In addition, unified drilling standards help improve transplanting efficiency and quality, laying the foundation for subsequent tobacco plant growth management.

[0063] The specific implementation method of step S40 is: select high-quality disease-free seedlings, and use a simple handheld transplanter to transplant tobacco seedlings through the reserved holes on the film. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, select high-quality disease-free seedlings. The standards for strong seedlings are: 55-75 days old, 4-6 functional leaves, 10-15 cm high stem, 1.8-2.2 cm stem circumference, developed root system, strong stem toughness, green to dark green leaf color, and no pests and diseases. These indicators are the key to ensuring the survival rate and later growth of tobacco seedlings. Secondly, prepare a simple handheld transplanter. The transplanter should match the aperture of the previously punched hole, usually between 8-10 cm in diameter. The length of the transplanter should be moderate so that the operator can easily insert it into the soil and place the tobacco seedlings. Again, prepare for transplanting. Including checking whether the drip irrigation system is working properly, ensuring that the soil moisture is appropriate (it is appropriate to pinch it into a ball by hand and lightly press it to loosen it, and the soil moisture content is about 60-70%), and slight irrigation can be performed when necessary. Then, the transplanting operation begins. The operator holds the transplanter, aligns it with the reserved holes on the film, and inserts the transplanter vertically into the soil to a depth of about 10-12 cm. After insertion, gently turn the transplanter to form a cylindrical cavity in the soil. Next, carefully place the prepared tobacco seedlings into the transplanter tube to allow the roots to stretch naturally. Slowly lift the transplanter, and at the same time use your other hand to gently press the soil around the tobacco seedlings to ensure that the tobacco seedlings are in close contact with the soil and avoid leaving gaps around the roots. Finally, check the quality of the transplanting. Make sure that the planting depth of each tobacco seedling is appropriate (generally, the heart leaves of the tobacco seedlings are flush with the ground), the spacing between plants is uniform, and the tobacco seedlings are upright and not tilted. If any problems are found, they should be adjusted or replanted in time.

[0064] The main purpose of this step is to ensure the survival rate and later growth potential of tobacco seedlings. Selecting high-quality and strong seedlings is the basis for improving tobacco leaf yield and quality, and scientific transplanting methods can reduce transplanting stress of tobacco seedlings and promote the rapid establishment of root systems. The use of a simple handheld transplanter not only improves work efficiency, but also ensures the consistency and standardization of transplanting. Transplanting through the reserved holes on the film not only maintains the integrity of the ground film, but also creates a good growth environment for tobacco seedlings. This transplanting method is conducive to maintaining soil temperature and moisture, reducing weed growth, and creating favorable conditions for the rapid survival and healthy growth of tobacco seedlings.

[0065] The specific implementation method of step S50 is: install the drip irrigation system, including the connection of drip pipes, branch pipes, main pipes, pressure pumps, filters and vehicle-mounted water tanks. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, plan the layout of the drip irrigation system. According to the size of the field, the terrain characteristics and the location of the water source, design the layout of the main pipe, branch pipes and drip pipes. Usually a tree structure is adopted, that is, it is distributed step by step from the water source point to each field. Secondly, install the main pipe. The main pipe is made of PVC material, and the diameter is usually 50-63 mm, which is selected according to actual needs. The main pipe is laid along the edge of the field or the main road to ensure that it is straight and stable. Control valves are installed at key positions of the main pipe to adjust the water flow. Thirdly, connect the branch pipe. The branch pipe is made of PE material and the diameter is usually 32-40 mm. Connect the branch pipe to the main pipe through a three-way or four-way with a ball valve to ensure that the connection is well sealed and there is no leakage. The branch pipe is arranged along the ridges, perpendicular or at an appropriate angle to the main pipe. Then, install the drip pipe. The dripper has been laid during the film covering. This step mainly involves connecting the dripper to the branch pipe. Use a special bypass joint to ensure that the dripper is firmly connected to the branch pipe and sealed. Note that the water outlet of the dripper faces upward to prevent clogging. Next, install the pressure pump and filter. Select a suitable centrifugal pump as the pressure pump. The power is determined according to the irrigation area, usually between 0.75-2.2 kilowatts. Install a filter at the water inlet of the pressure pump. The filtration accuracy is usually around 120 mesh to prevent impurities from entering the system and causing clogging. Place the pressure pump on a stable ground or a special base to ensure that it works stably. Finally, connect the vehicle-mounted water tank. Select a water tank with a suitable capacity, usually 1-2 cubic meters, made of food-grade plastic. Connect the water tank to the filter inlet and ensure that the connection is well sealed. Install a level gauge on the water tank to monitor the water volume.

[0066] The main function of this step is to establish a complete and efficient drip irrigation system to provide hardware support for the subsequent integrated management of water, fertilizer and medicine. Reasonable system layout can ensure the uniform distribution of water, fertilizer and medicine and improve utilization efficiency. The scientific connection of main pipes, branch pipes and drip pipes ensures the stability and reliability of the system. The installation of the pressure pump provides the necessary power for the system, while the use of the filter can effectively prevent the system from being blocked and prolong its service life. The connection of the vehicle-mounted water tank provides convenient conditions for the preparation and storage of water, fertilizer and medicine, and improves the operating efficiency. The installation of the entire system should not only consider functionality, but also take into account the convenience of operation and maintenance to ensure the best effect in actual use.

[0067] The specific implementation method of step S60 is: after the transplanting is completed, the first aqueous solution is prepared according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu, including the agent for preventing and treating root-knot nematode disease and underground pests. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, prepare the dispensing equipment and materials. Including a vehicle-mounted water tank (capacity not less than 1 cubic meter), a stirrer, a measuring cup, protective equipment, etc. Ensure that all equipment is clean and pollution-free. Secondly, inject clean water into the vehicle-mounted water tank. Accurately measure the water injection volume according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu, and a flow meter or a scale can be used to assist in measurement. The water quality should be clean, and the pH value should be between 6.5-7.5. Thirdly, add the agent for preventing and treating root-knot nematode disease. Select "Avidin Sulfur Emulsion" with a dosage of 275 ml / mu. Use a special measuring cup to accurately measure the liquid medicine and slowly pour it into the water tank. Then, add the agent for preventing and treating underground pests. Select "Dichlorvos" with a dosage of 130 grams / mu. Use an accurate electronic scale to weigh the agent and slowly add it to the water tank. Next, stir it thoroughly. Start the agitator and stir at 300-400 rpm for 10-15 minutes to ensure that the agent is fully dissolved and evenly distributed. During the stirring process, pay attention to whether there is agglomeration or precipitation. If so, extend the stirring time or take other measures to deal with it. Finally, perform a quality check. Use pH test paper to test the pH of the solution to ensure that it is between 6.0-7.0; use a hydrometer to test the concentration of the solution to ensure that it meets expectations; visually check the uniformity of the solution, and there should be no obvious suspended matter or precipitation.

[0068] The main purpose of this step is to create a pest-free growth environment for the newly transplanted tobacco seedlings, and to improve the survival rate and initial growth potential of the tobacco seedlings. According to the water consumption standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, it can ensure that the liquid medicine can fully penetrate into the root area of ​​the tobacco seedlings, which will not cause waste of liquid medicine and ensure the prevention and control effect. "Avidin Sulfur Emulsion" is selected to prevent and control root-knot nematode disease because the agent has good permeability and persistence, and can effectively inhibit the harm of nematodes. "Dichlorvos" has a good prevention and control effect on underground pests such as grubs and cutworms, and can protect the root system of tobacco seedlings from damage. The application of water and medicine by integrated drip irrigation can not only ensure that the agent acts directly on the target area and improve the prevention and control effect, but also reduce the loss of the agent and reduce the risk of environmental pollution.

[0069] The specific implementation method of step S70 is: 5 days after transplanting, prepare the second water-fertilizer-pharmaceutical solution according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu, including compound fertilizer, potassium nitrate and agents for preventing and treating two black diseases. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, clean and check the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment to ensure that there are no residues from the last preparation. Secondly, inject clean water into the water tank, and still accurately measure it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu. The water quality requirements are the same as the first time, and the pH value is between 6.5-7.5. Again, add compound fertilizer. Select compound fertilizer suitable for the early stage of flue-cured tobacco growth, such as compound fertilizer with a N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 14-16-15, and the dosage is 10 kg / mu. Use an accurate electronic scale to weigh the fertilizer and slowly add the fertilizer to the water tank. Then, add potassium nitrate. The dosage is 5 kg / mu, and it is also accurately weighed using an electronic scale and added to the water tank. The addition of potassium nitrate can supplement the potassium required for tobacco plant growth and promote root development. Next, add the agent for preventing and treating the two black diseases. Use 100 g / mu of flumorph·ethylene aluminum wettable powder and 80 g / mu of methyl thiophanate wettable powder. Weigh them separately and add them to the water tank in turn. The combination of these two agents can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of black leg disease and black root disease. Then, stir them thoroughly. Start the agitator and stir at 300-400 rpm for 15-20 minutes to ensure that all fertilizers and agents are fully dissolved and evenly distributed. During the stirring process, pay special attention to observe whether there is agglomeration or precipitation. If so, further treatment measures need to be taken, such as extending the stirring time or using a high-speed agitator. Finally, perform a quality inspection. Use a conductivity meter to test the conductivity of the solution to ensure that it is between 2.0-3.0 millisiemens / cm; use pH test paper to test the pH of the solution to ensure that it is between 6.0-7.0; visually check the uniformity and clarity of the solution, and there should be no obvious suspended matter or precipitation.

[0070] The main purpose of this step is to provide the tobacco seedlings with the nutrients they need in the early stages of growth, while preventing the occurrence of two black diseases. The timing of this drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine is very important 5 days after transplanting. At this time, the tobacco seedlings have begun to resume growth, and the root system has gradually expanded. This is a critical period for nutrient supplementation. The application of compound fertilizer can provide comprehensive nutritional support for tobacco seedlings, promote root development and aboveground growth. The addition of potassium nitrate not only supplements potassium, but also improves the stress resistance of tobacco plants. The use of agents to prevent and control two black diseases is a preventive measure that can effectively reduce the risk of disease occurrence. The application of water, fertilizer and medicine by integrated drip irrigation can not only ensure that nutrients and agents act directly on the root area and improve utilization efficiency, but also reduce nutrient loss and agent drift, and reduce the risk of environmental pollution.

[0071] The specific implementation method of step S80 is: 30 days after transplanting, prepare the third water-fertilizer solution according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu, including compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, thoroughly clean the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment to ensure that there are no residues from the previous two preparations. It can be rinsed with clean water 2-3 times, and can be cleaned with a diluted food-grade citric acid solution if necessary to remove possible scaling. Secondly, inject clean water into the water tank, and still accurately measure it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter / mu. The water quality requirements are the same as the previous two times, and the pH value should be between 6.5-7.5. A pH meter can be used for accurate measurement. Again, add compound fertilizer. Select compound fertilizer suitable for use in the middle stage of tobacco growth, such as compound fertilizer with a ratio of 15-15-15 for N-P2O5-K2O, and the dosage is 20 kg / mu. Use an accurate electronic scale to weigh the fertilizer, slowly add the fertilizer to the water tank in batches, and stir it slightly after each batch is added to promote dissolution. Then, add potassium sulfate. The dosage is 20 kg / mu, and it is also accurately weighed using an electronic scale and added to the water tank in batches. The addition of potassium sulfate can further supplement the potassium and sulfur required for tobacco plant growth, which is beneficial to improve the quality of tobacco leaves. Next, stir thoroughly. Start the agitator and stir at 300-400 rpm for 20-25 minutes to ensure that all fertilizers are fully dissolved and evenly distributed. During the stirring process, it is necessary to closely observe the state of the solution to ensure that there is no agglomeration or precipitation. If abnormalities are found, the stirring time can be appropriately extended or the stirring speed can be adjusted. Finally, perform a quality check. Use a conductivity meter to test the conductivity of the solution to ensure that it is between 2.5-3.5 millisiemens / cm; use pH test paper to test the pH of the solution to ensure that it is between 6.0-7.0; use a hydrometer to measure the density of the solution, which should be between 1.05-1.10 g / cm3; visually check the uniformity and clarity of the solution, and there should be no obvious suspended matter or precipitation.

[0072] The main purpose of this step is to provide tobacco plants with sufficient nutrients required for the mid-term growth, especially to increase the supply of potassium to improve the quality of tobacco leaves. The timing of this water and fertilizer drip irrigation is of great significance 30 days after transplanting. At this time, the tobacco plants have entered a rapid growth period, and the demand for nutrients has increased significantly. The application of compound fertilizer can provide comprehensive nutritional support for tobacco plants, promote stem and leaf growth and tobacco leaf expansion. The addition of potassium sulfate focuses on supplementing potassium and sulfur, which plays an important role in improving the maturity, aroma and combustibility of tobacco leaves. The application of water and fertilizer in the form of integrated drip irrigation can achieve a slow-release effect of nutrients, avoid the risk of root burn caused by a one-time large-scale fertilization, and also improve the utilization rate of fertilizers and reduce nutrient loss, which meets the requirements of precision fertilization and green production.

[0073] The specific implementation method of step S90 is: according to the preparation time sequence, the drip irrigation system is started in sequence to carry out three times of integrated drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine, so as to realize the efficient use of water, fertilizer and medicine in the process of flue-cured tobacco transplanting. The specific implementation process includes the following sub-steps: First, check the drip irrigation system. Before each drip irrigation, it is necessary to carefully check the integrity and functionality of the entire drip irrigation system, including the main pipe, branch pipe, drip pipe, valve, filter and other components. Ensure that there is no leakage, blockage or damage. Secondly, set the drip irrigation parameters. According to the soil conditions, weather conditions and tobacco plant growth conditions, set the appropriate drip irrigation rate and time. Usually, the drip irrigation rate is controlled at 2-4 liters / hour / drip head, and the single drip irrigation time is 2-3 hours. Precise control can be achieved by adjusting the output pressure of the pressure pump and the control valve on the main pipe. Again, start the first water medicine drip irrigation. After the transplanting is completed, open the main valve of the drip irrigation system, start the pressure pump, and start the first water medicine drip irrigation. During the drip irrigation process, it is necessary to patrol the field to observe whether the water output of the dripper is uniform to ensure that each tobacco seedling can be fully irrigated with water medicine. After the drip irrigation is completed, the system is turned off and flushed to prevent the residual liquid from clogging the pipeline. Then, the second drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine is carried out. Five days after transplanting, the second drip irrigation is started according to the same operation process. In addition to delivering water, fertilizer and medicine solutions, this drip irrigation also needs to pay special attention to the growth of tobacco seedlings and observe whether there are symptoms of deficiency or signs of diseases and insect pests. If abnormalities are found, the drip irrigation plan should be adjusted in time or other management measures should be taken. Then, the third drip irrigation of water and fertilizer is implemented. The third drip irrigation of water and fertilizer is carried out 30 days after transplanting. At this time, the tobacco plants have grown up, and it is necessary to pay attention to adjusting the position of the drippers to ensure that the drip irrigation range can cover the entire root area. At the same time, the growth of tobacco plants should be closely observed, and the drip irrigation amount and drip irrigation time should be fine-tuned according to actual conditions. Finally, the effect of drip irrigation is evaluated. After each drip irrigation, the effect evaluation should be carried out. Including measuring the soil moisture content (a soil moisture meter can be used, and the ideal moisture content is 70-80% of the field water holding capacity), observing the growth of tobacco plants (leaf color, size, degree of expansion, etc.), checking the root development (sampling roots can be dug in the field for observation), etc. Based on the evaluation results, make necessary adjustments to the next drip irrigation plan.

[0074] The main function of this step is to achieve efficient use of water, fertilizer and medicine in the flue-cured tobacco production process through scientific and precise integrated drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine. The time nodes of the three drip irrigations (after transplanting, 5 days after transplanting, and 30 days after transplanting) correspond to the planting period, recovery growth period and rapid growth period of the tobacco seedlings, respectively, and can meet the needs of tobacco plants at different growth stages in a targeted manner. Applying water, fertilizer and pesticides at the same time through the drip irrigation system not only improves the utilization efficiency and reduces resource waste, but also reduces labor intensity and improves work efficiency. Precisely controlled drip irrigation can create a stable root zone environment, promote balanced growth of tobacco plants, and help improve tobacco leaf yield and quality. At the same time, this method also meets the requirements of modern agriculture for saving water, fertilizer and pesticides, and has significant economic and ecological benefits.

[0075] Specifically, the principle of the present invention is:

[0076] 1. Process integration principle: The present invention realizes the simplification and optimization of the process by organically integrating multiple independent processes in traditional flue-cured tobacco planting. For example, the two processes of film covering and laying dripping pipes are combined into one process, which is completed by using a film covering and laying dripping pipette all-in-one machine. This process integration not only reduces the operation links, but also improves the coordination and accuracy of the operation. The core of process integration is to find the logical relationship between each process and realize the optimal combination of these relationships through technological innovation.

[0077] 2. Principle of water-fertilizer-pesticide integration: The present invention adopts water-fertilizer-pesticide integration technology to uniformly prepare water, fertilizer and pesticide and deliver them to the roots of tobacco plants through a drip irrigation system. This method is based on the principle of plant physiology and makes full use of the synergistic absorption mechanism of plant roots for water, nutrients and pesticides. By regulating the ratio of water, fertilizer and pesticide and the timing of application, tobacco plants can obtain the most suitable nutrient supply at different growth stages, thereby promoting the healthy growth of tobacco plants and improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

[0078] 3. Principle of precision drip irrigation: The present invention adopts drip irrigation technology, which can accurately control the application amount and application position of water, fertilizer and medicine. The drip irrigation system directly delivers water, fertilizer and medicine solutions to the roots of tobacco plants in a low-pressure, small-flow, multi-point manner, avoiding water evaporation loss and nutrient loss in traditional irrigation methods. At the same time, drip irrigation can also maintain a stable moisture and nutrient environment in the soil, which is conducive to the development of tobacco plant roots and nutrient absorption.

[0079] 4. Principle of sub-film drip irrigation: The present invention places the drip irrigation pipe under the ground film to form a relatively closed rhizosphere environment. This design is based on the principle of micro-environment regulation and can effectively increase ground temperature, reduce water evaporation, and inhibit weed growth. Sub-film drip irrigation can also reduce the surface loss of fertilizers and pesticides, improve their utilization rate, and reduce the risk of environmental pollution.

[0080] 5. Principle of phased nutrient supply: The present invention divides the drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine into three stages according to the growth and development law of flue-cured tobacco. This phased supply method is based on the principle that tobacco plants have different nutrient requirements at different growth stages. For example, in the early stage of transplanting, the focus is on preventing and controlling pests and diseases, in the middle stage, the focus is on promoting root development and stem and leaf growth, and in the later stage, the focus is on improving the quality of tobacco leaves. Through this precise phased supply, the needs of tobacco plants at different growth stages can be better met.

[0081] 6. Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum principle: The integrated water, fertilizer and pesticide management system of the present invention fully considers the water and nutrient transmission mechanism of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. By accurately controlling the amount and frequency of drip irrigation, a suitable water gradient can be formed in the soil to promote the active absorption of water and nutrients by the roots. At the same time, reasonable drip irrigation can also improve soil aeration and maintain the oxygen supply required for root respiration, thereby improving root vitality and absorption capacity.

[0082] 7. Principle of combining agronomy with agricultural machinery: This invention organically combines agronomy with agricultural machinery, such as using ridging machinery, mulching and dripping machines, etc., to achieve mechanization and semi-automation of flue-cured tobacco planting. This combination not only improves operating efficiency, but also increases the accuracy and consistency of operations. The use of agricultural machinery also provides technical support for precision agricultural management, laying the foundation for the introduction of more advanced intelligent equipment in the future.

[0083] 8. System optimization principle: The present invention regards flue-cured tobacco planting as a complete system and improves the overall efficiency by optimizing the relationship between each link. For example, the parameter settings of ridge formation, film covering, drip irrigation, transplanting and other links are carefully designed to ensure the coordination between each link. This system optimization idea makes the entire planting process more efficient and controllable.

[0084] 9. Principle of sustainable agriculture: The method of the present invention complies with the basic principle of sustainable agriculture. By improving resource utilization efficiency, reducing environmental pollution, and reducing labor intensity, the unity of economic benefits, social benefits, and ecological benefits is achieved. This sustainable planting model is not only beneficial to the current tobacco production, but also lays the foundation for the long-term development of the tobacco industry.

[0085] 10. Adaptive management principle: The method of the present invention has strong adaptability and flexibility. By adjusting the water, fertilizer and pesticide formula, drip irrigation parameters, etc., it can adapt to the flue-cured tobacco planting needs in different regions, different soil types and different climatic conditions. This adaptive management principle makes the method have a wide range of application prospects.

[0086] In summary, the flue-cured tobacco nest-free water-fertilizer integrated transplanting method of the present invention is based on a number of scientific principles and technological innovations, and optimizes and innovates the flue-cured tobacco planting process through process integration, water-fertilizer-pesticide integration, precision drip irrigation, and phased nutrient supply. The organic combination and systematic application of these principles enable the present invention to effectively solve the problems existing in traditional flue-cured tobacco planting technology, improve production efficiency and resource utilization, achieve precision management, and reduce environmental impact, meeting the requirements of modern agricultural development.

[0087] In order to better understand and implement the present invention, a specific embodiment of the present invention is provided below: This embodiment describes the specific process and effect of implementing a flue-cured tobacco nest-free water-fertilizer integrated transplanting method in a certain tobacco-growing area.

[0088] Experimental location: Tobacco fields of a tobacco farmers' cooperative

[0089] Experimental period: April-September 2023

[0090] Experimental area: 10 acres (6667 square meters)

[0091] Tobacco variety: Yunyan 87

[0092] 1. Ridging operation

[0093] On April 15, the weather was sunny, the temperature was 15℃, and the soil moisture content was moderate. The Xiaobailong "Tianma A170" 10-horsepower multifunctional ridging machine was selected for ridging operations.

[0094] The specific operations are as follows:

[0095] (1) According to the terrain characteristics of the tobacco field, the ridging machine is adjusted to the contour ridging mode.

[0096] (2) Set the ridge depth to 22 cm and the ridge width to 110 cm.

[0097] (3) The row spacing is set to 120 cm.

[0098] (4) Starting from the highest point of the tobacco field, ridge formation is carried out along the contour lines.

[0099] (5) The ridging speed is controlled at 0.5 m / s to ensure that the ridge shape is uniform and flat.

[0100] The ridging operation took 4 hours to complete the ridging of 10 mu of tobacco fields. The average ridge height was 22.5cm, the ridge width was 108-112cm, and the ridge furrow depth was 20-23cm, basically achieving the expected effect.

[0101] 2. Film-covered pipe laying operation

[0102] On April 17, the weather was cloudy and the temperature was 17℃. The Xiaobailong "2M-1" film laying and dripping machine was used for the operation.

[0103] The specific operations are as follows:

[0104] (1) Prepare the ground film: Use a special tobacco ground film with a thickness of 0.01 mm and a width of 110 cm.

[0105] (2) Prepare drip irrigation tape: Use PE drip irrigation tape with specifications of 16mm×0.2mm×150mm.

[0106] (3) Install the mulch film and drip irrigation tape on the all-in-one machine and debug the machine to ensure normal operation.

[0107] (4) Starting from one end of the tobacco field, cover the field with film and lay pipes along the ridge surface.

[0108] (5) The operating speed is controlled at 0.3m / s to ensure that the membrane surface is flat and the drip irrigation tape is in the correct position.

[0109] The film covering and pipe laying operation took a total of 6 hours to complete the film covering and drip irrigation tape laying of 10 mu of tobacco fields. The film surface was smooth and had no obvious wrinkles. The drip irrigation tape was located under the film and fit tightly with the ground film.

[0110] 3. Punching operation

[0111] On April 18, the weather was sunny and the temperature was 18℃. A special film punching machine was used for punching.

[0112] The specific operations are as follows:

[0113] (1) Adjust the hole spacing of the punch to 50 cm.

[0114] (2) Adjust the hole diameter to 9 cm.

[0115] (3) Starting from one end of the tobacco field, punch holes along the film surface.

[0116] (4) The operating speed is controlled at 0.2m / s to ensure uniform hole spacing and consistent hole diameter.

[0117] The drilling operation took a total of 5 hours to complete the drilling of 10 mu of tobacco fields. The actual measured hole spacing averaged 50.8 cm (standard deviation ± 0.5 cm) and the average hole diameter was 8.9 cm (standard deviation ± 0.2 cm), which basically achieved the expected effect.

[0118] 4. Transplanting tobacco seedlings

[0119] On April 20, the weather was cloudy, the temperature was 16℃, and the soil moisture content was moderate. A simple handheld transplanter was used to transplant tobacco seedlings.

[0120] The criteria for selecting tobacco seedlings are: seedling age: 65 days; functional leaves: 6 leaves; stem height: 13cm; stem circumference: 2.0cm; well-developed root system, free from diseases and insect pests.

[0121] The specific operations are as follows:

[0122] (1) Place the tobacco seedlings into the handheld transplanter tube.

[0123] (2) Align the reserved holes on the film and insert the transplanter vertically 10 cm into the soil.

[0124] (3) Gently rotate the transplanter to form a cavity in the soil.

[0125] (4) Place the tobacco seedlings into the cavity and allow the roots to expand naturally.

[0126] (5) Slowly lift the transplanter while lightly pressing the surrounding soil with your hands.

[0127] (6) Check the planting depth and verticality of the tobacco seedlings and make adjustments if necessary.

[0128] The transplanting operation took 8 hours to complete the transplanting of 10 mu of tobacco fields, with a total of 12,800 tobacco seedlings transplanted. The survival rate after transplanting was 99.5%.

[0129] 5. Drip irrigation system installation

[0130] On April 20, the weather was sunny and the temperature was 19℃. The drip irrigation system was installed.

[0131] The specific operations are as follows:

[0132] (1) Main pipe installation: Use DN63 PVC pipe and lay it along the long side of the tobacco field, with a total length of 120m.

[0133] (2) Branch pipe connection: Use DN32 PE pipe and connect it vertically to the main pipe. Set up a branch pipe every 10m, for a total of 12 branches, each 55m long.

[0134] (3) Drip tape connection: Connect the laid drip tape to the branch pipe through a 16mm bypass joint.

[0135] (4) Pressure pump installation: Use a 1.5kW centrifugal pump and install it near the water source.

[0136] (5) Filter installation: Use a 120-mesh gravel filter and install it at the water outlet of the pressure pump.

[0137] (6) Water tank connection: Use 2m 3 A food grade plastic water tank with sufficient capacity, connected to the filter inlet.

[0138] The installation of the drip irrigation system took a total of 10 hours. The system was tested normally with no leakage.

[0139] 6. The first water-drip irrigation

[0140] On April 20, the first water-medicine drip irrigation was carried out immediately after transplanting.

[0141] Dispensing process:

[0142] (1) Towards 2m 3 1.8m3 is injected into the water tank 3 Clean water (pH 7.2).

[0143] (2) Add 2750 ml of Avidin Sulfur Emulsion (275 ml / mu x 10 mu).

[0144] (3) Add 1300 g of trichlorfon (130 g / mu x 10 mu).

[0145] (4) Start the agitator and stir at 350 r / min for 15 minutes.

[0146] Drip irrigation process:

[0147] (1) Check the drip irrigation system to ensure that all components are functioning normally.

[0148] (2) Set the drip irrigation rate to 3 L / h / drip head.

[0149] (3) Start the pressure pump and begin drip irrigation.

[0150] (4) Drip irrigation lasts for 2.5 hours.

[0151] (5) After drip irrigation is completed, flush the system with clean water for 15 minutes.

[0152] After the drip irrigation was completed, 100 tobacco seedlings were randomly selected and the average soil moisture content around the roots was 68% (percentage of field water holding capacity).

[0153] 7. Second drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine

[0154] On April 25, the fifth day after transplanting, the second drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine was carried out.

[0155] Dispensing process:

[0156] (1) Towards 2m 3 1.8m3 is injected into the water tank 3 Clean water (pH 7.1).

[0157] (2) Add 100 kg of compound fertilizer (10 kg / mu × 10 mu, N-P2O5-K2O=14-16-15).

[0158] (3) Add 50 kg potassium nitrate (5 kg / mu x 10 mu).

[0159] (4) Add 1 kg of flumorph·ethylene aluminum wettable powder (100 g / mu x 10 mu).

[0160] (5) Add 800 g of methyl thiophanate wettable powder (80 g / mu x 10 mu).

[0161] (6) Start the agitator and stir at 375 r / min for 20 minutes.

[0162] Drip irrigation process:

[0163] (1) Check the drip irrigation system and adjust the position of some drippers.

[0164] (2) Set the drip irrigation rate to 3.5 L / h / drip head.

[0165] (3) Start the pressure pump and begin drip irrigation.

[0166] (4) Drip irrigation lasted for 2.8 hours.

[0167] (5) After drip irrigation, flush the system with clean water for 20 minutes.

[0168] After the drip irrigation was completed, 100 tobacco seedlings were randomly selected and the leaf color changed from light green to normal green, and the average plant height increased to 16.5 cm.

[0169] 8. The third drip irrigation of water and fertilizer

[0170] On May 19, 30 days after transplanting, the third drip irrigation of water and fertilizer was carried out.

[0171] Dispensing process:

[0172] (1) Towards 2m 3 1.8m3 is injected into the water tank 3 Clean water (pH 7.0).

[0173] (2) Add 200 kg of compound fertilizer (20 kg / mu × 10 mu, N-P2O5-K2O=15-15-15).

[0174] (3) Add 200 kg of potassium sulfate (20 kg / mu x 10 mu).

[0175] (4) Start the agitator and stir at 400 r / min for 25 minutes.

[0176] Drip irrigation process:

[0177] (1) Check the drip irrigation system and adjust the position of the drippers to cover a larger root area.

[0178] (2) Set the drip irrigation rate to 4 L / h / drip head.

[0179] (3) Start the pressure pump and begin drip irrigation.

[0180] (4) Drip irrigation lasts for 3 hours.

[0181] (5) After drip irrigation is completed, flush the system with clean water for 25 minutes.

[0182] After the drip irrigation was completed, 100 tobacco seedlings were randomly selected and the average plant height reached 65cm, with 12 functional leaves, the largest leaf length was 36cm, and the leaf width was 18cm.

[0183] 9. Management during the growth period

[0184] Throughout the growing period, continue to manage:

[0185] (1) Water management: Check soil moisture every 3-5 days and maintain it at 60-70% of field water holding capacity. Supplement drip irrigation when necessary.

[0186] (2) Pest and disease control: Inspect tobacco fields once a week and take timely control measures when pests and diseases are found.

[0187] (3) Maintenance and management: timely top pruning, branch removal and other operations to ensure that the tobacco plants are in good shape.

[0188] (4) Film maintenance: Repair damaged films in a timely manner to maintain the integrity of the films.

[0189] 10. Harvest and Baking

[0190] From July 25 to August 30, the flue-cured tobacco was harvested and baked in batches.

[0191] Harvest conditions:

[0192] First harvest: July 25, harvested lower tobacco, 280.00kg of tobacco leaves after curing;

[0193] Second harvest: On August 2, the second shed tobacco was harvested, and the flue-cured tobacco leaves were 295.00 kg;

[0194] The third harvest: August 10, harvested the middle tobacco, 334.50kg of tobacco leaves after curing;

[0195] The fourth harvest: On August 20, the tobacco leaves from the second shed were harvested, and 346.20 kg of tobacco leaves were cured;

[0196] The fifth harvest: On August 30, the upper tobacco was harvested, and the tobacco leaves after curing were 344.30 kg.

[0197] Baking is carried out in a conventional drying room, and the temperature and humidity are strictly controlled to ensure the quality of the tobacco leaves.

[0198] 11. Effect evaluation

[0199] (1) Production: Total output: 1600 kg; yield per mu: 160 kg / mu;

[0200] (2) Grade: The proportion of high-quality tobacco is 74.36%; the proportion of medium-quality tobacco is 22.45%; the proportion of low-quality tobacco is 3.19%;

[0201] (3) Economic benefits: average selling price: 33.22 yuan / kg; total income: 53,152 yuan; average income per mu: 5,315.2 yuan / mu;

[0202] (4) Comparison with the traditional method is shown in Table 1:

[0203] Table 1 Comparison data with traditional methods

[0204] index This method Traditional methods Increase or decrease Yield per mu (kg / mu) 160 140 +20 Ratio of high-quality smoke (%) 74.36 65.65 +8.71 Average price (yuan / kg) 33.22 30.51 +2.71 Average income per mu (yuan / mu) 5315.2 4271.4 +1043.8 Average number of workers per mu 11.44 15.92 -4.48

[0205] (5) The comparison of agronomic traits of tobacco plants is shown in Table 2:

[0206] Table 2 Comparison of agronomic traits of tobacco plants

[0207] Trait index This method Traditional methods Difference Plant height (cm) 125.36 105.57 +19.79 Maximum leaf length (cm) 62.45 53.36 +9.09 Maximum leaf width (cm) 32.17 28.79 +3.38 Number of effective leaves 20.86 17.93 +2.93

[0208] 12. Conclusion

[0209] By implementing the flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer, significant economic and agronomic effects have been achieved:

[0210] (1) Increased yield: Compared with traditional methods, the yield per mu increased by 100 kg, an increase of 10%.

[0211] (2) Quality improvement: The proportion of high-quality tobacco increased by 8.71 percentage points, and the average price increased by 2.71 yuan / kg.

[0212] (3) Economic benefits: The average income per mu was 5,315.2 yuan, an increase of 24.43%.

[0213] (4) Labor efficiency: The average number of workers per mu was reduced by 4.48, saving labor costs of 672 yuan per mu.

[0214] (5) Agronomic traits: All growth indicators of tobacco plants have been significantly improved, which is conducive to the formation of high-quality tobacco leaves.

[0215] This method achieves precision, standardization and efficiency in flue-cured tobacco planting through mechanized operations and integrated management of water, fertilizer and pesticides, providing a new technical path for flue-cured tobacco production.

[0216] The above description is only a specific implementation mode of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field can easily think of changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S10. Use small ridging machinery to carry out ridging operations. Ridge along the ditch with a row spacing of 120 cm on flat land, and ridge along the contour line with a row spacing of 120 cm on sloping land; S20, using the integrated film covering and dripping pipe laying machine to complete the film covering and dripping pipe laying operations, and adjusting the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film; S30, use a special film punching machine to punch holes on the ground film, with a hole spacing of 50-55cm and a hole diameter of 8-10cm; S40. Select high-quality disease-free seedlings and use a simple handheld transplanter to transplant the seedlings through the reserved holes on the film; S50, install the drip irrigation system, including the connection of drip pipes, branch pipes, main pipes, pressure pumps, filters and vehicle-mounted water tanks; S60, after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the first water solution, including the pesticide for controlling root-knot nematodes and underground pests; S70, 5 days after transplanting, press 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the second water-fertilizer-pesticide solution, including compound fertilizer, potassium nitrate and agents for preventing and treating two black diseases; S80, 30 days after transplanting, according to 1m 3 / mu standard preparation of the third water-fertilizer solution, including compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate; S90. Start the drip irrigation system in sequence according to the preparation time to carry out three times of integrated drip irrigation of water, fertilizer and medicine, so as to achieve efficient use of water, fertilizer and medicine in the process of flue-cured tobacco transplanting.

2. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step S10 specifically includes: selecting a small ridging machine to determine the ridging method according to the terrain of the tobacco field, performing ridging along the furrows at a row spacing of 120 cm on flat land, and performing contour ridging at a row spacing of 120 cm on sloping land; adjusting the ridging machine parameters, including setting the ridging depth to 20 to 25 cm and matching the ridging width with the row spacing; advancing the machine evenly and steadily along the predetermined route to ensure the straightness and consistency of the furrows; and checking the ridging quality, including the uniformity of the ridge height, ridge width and furrows.

3. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 2, characterized in that: The step S20 specifically includes: selecting a film covering and dripping integrated machine, preparing film covering materials, selecting agricultural plastic film with a thickness of 0.008 to 0.012 mm, and using PE material for the dripping tube with a specification of 16 x 0.2 x 150 mm; debugging the integrated machine and setting the film covering width to 100 to 110 cm; moving forward at a uniform speed along the ridge furrow to ensure that the film surface is flat and wrinkle-free, and the dripping tube is laid evenly and straightly; adjusting the drip irrigation mode to drip irrigation on the film, that is, placing the dripping tube above the ground film; checking the quality of film covering and dripping tube laying, and dealing with possible film surface damage or dripping tube blockage.

4. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 3, characterized in that: The step S30 specifically includes: selecting a special film punching machine with adjustable punching spacing and aperture functions; adjusting the hole spacing of the punching machine to 50 to 55 cm and the aperture to 8 to 10 cm; performing punching operations along the film-covered ridge surface, with the operator advancing the punching machine at a uniform speed in a straight line; keeping the ground film flat during the punching process to avoid wrinkles or damage; checking the punching quality, including the uniformity of the hole spacing, the consistency of the aperture diameter, and the integrity of the hole edge; and repairing or re-punching unqualified holes.

5. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 4, characterized in that: The step S40 specifically includes: selecting high-quality disease-free seedlings, the standard for seedlings being 55 to 75 days old, 4 to 6 functional leaves, 10 to 15 cm high, 1.8 to 2.2 cm in stem circumference, well-developed root system, strong stem toughness, green to dark green leaves, and no pests and diseases; preparing a simple handheld transplanter that matches the perforated hole diameter, with a diameter of 8 to 10 cm; checking whether the drip irrigation system is working properly and ensuring that the soil moisture is appropriate and the soil moisture content is 60% to 70%; aligning the handheld transplanter with the holes reserved on the membrane and vertically inserting it into the soil to a depth of 10 cm to 12 cm; carefully placing the tobacco seedlings into the transplanter barrel to allow the roots to stretch naturally; slowly lifting the transplanter while pressing the soil around the tobacco seedlings; checking the transplanting quality to ensure that the planting depth is appropriate, preferably with the heart leaves of the tobacco seedlings flush with the ground.

6. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 5, characterized in that: The step S50 specifically includes: planning the layout of the drip irrigation system, designing the arrangement of the main pipe, branch pipe and drip pipe; installing the main pipe, using PVC material with a diameter of 50 to 63 mm, and laying it along the edge of the field or the main road; connecting the branch pipe, using PE material with a diameter of 32 to 40 mm, and connecting it to the main pipe through a three-way or four-way with a ball valve; connecting the drip pipe to the branch pipe, using a special bypass joint to ensure that the connection is firm and sealed; installing a pressure pump, selecting a centrifugal pump with a power between 0.75 and 2.2 kilowatts; installing a filter with a filtration accuracy of 120 mesh at the water inlet of the pressure pump; connecting a vehicle-mounted water tank, selecting a food-grade plastic water tank with a capacity of 1 to 2 cubic meters, and connecting it to the filter inlet.

7. The method for transplanting flue-cured tobacco without nesting and integrating water and fertilizer according to claim 6, characterized in that: The step S60 specifically includes: preparing a vehicle-mounted water tank with a capacity of not less than 1 cubic meter to ensure that the equipment is clean and pollution-free; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, the water quality is clean, and the pH value is between 6.5 and 7.5; adding an agent for preventing and treating root-knot nematode disease, selecting "Avidin Sulfur Emulsion", and using 275 milliliters per mu; adding an agent for preventing and treating underground pests, selecting "Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane", and using 130 grams per mu; starting the agitator and stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 10 to 15 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, testing the pH value of the solution with pH test paper to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.0, and testing the concentration of the solution with a hydrometer to ensure that it meets expectations.

8. The method for transplanting flue-cured tobacco without nesting and integrating water and fertilizer according to claim 7, characterized in that: The step S70 specifically includes: cleaning and checking the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment to ensure that there are no residues from the previous medication; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring it according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, and the water quality requires a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5; adding compound fertilizer, selecting a compound fertilizer with an N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 14-16-15, and a dosage of 10 kilograms per mu; adding potassium nitrate, the dosage of which is 5 kilograms per mu; adding agents for preventing and controlling two black diseases, selecting 100 grams per mu of flumorph·ethylene aluminum wettable powder and 80 grams per mu of methyl thiophanate wettable powder; starting the agitator and stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 15 to 20 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, testing the conductivity of the solution with a conductivity meter to ensure that it is between 2.0 and 3.0 millisiemens per centimeter, and testing the pH of the solution with pH test paper to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.

0.

9. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 8, characterized in that: The step S80 specifically includes: thoroughly cleaning the vehicle-mounted water tank and related equipment, which can be rinsed with clean water 2 to 3 times; injecting clean water into the water tank, accurately measuring according to the standard of 1 cubic meter per mu, and the water quality requires a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5; adding compound fertilizer, selecting a compound fertilizer with an N-P2O5-K2O ratio of 15-15-15, and the amount is 20 kilograms per mu; adding potassium sulfate, the amount is 20 kilograms per mu; starting the agitator, stirring at a speed of 300 to 400 revolutions per minute for 20 to 25 minutes; conducting a quality inspection, using a conductivity meter to test the conductivity of the solution to ensure that it is between 2.5 and 3.5 millisiemens per centimeter, using pH test paper to test the pH of the solution to ensure that it is between 6.0 and 7.0, and using a hydrometer to measure the density of the solution, which should be between 1.05 and 1.10 grams per cubic centimeter.

10. A flue-cured tobacco transplanting method without nesting and integrated water and fertilizer according to claim 9, characterized in that: The step S90 specifically includes: checking the integrity and functionality of the drip irrigation system, including the main pipe, branch pipe, dripper, valve, and filter components before each drip irrigation; setting drip irrigation parameters, controlling the drip irrigation rate at 2 to 4 liters per hour per dripper, and a single drip irrigation time of 2 to 3 hours; starting the first water-pharmaceutical drip irrigation after transplanting, patrolling the field during the drip irrigation process to observe whether the water output from the dripper is uniform; conducting the second water-fertilizer-pharmaceutical drip irrigation 5 days after transplanting, paying attention to the growth of the tobacco seedlings; implementing the third water-fertilizer drip irrigation 30 days after transplanting, adjusting the dripper position to cover the entire root area; evaluating the drip irrigation effect, measuring the soil moisture content, the ideal moisture content is 70 to 80% of the field water holding capacity, and observing the growth of the tobacco plants and the development of the root system.

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