One of the significant challenges to translation of intravenously administered
nanomaterials has been complement-mediated infusion reactions which can be lethal. Slow infusions can reduce infusion reactions, but slow infusions are not always possible in applications like controlling bleeding following trauma.
Nanocapsules based on
polyurethane are introduced as candidates that do not substantially activate complement
protein C5a and the
PEGylation and functionalization of the
nanocapsules with the GRGDS
peptide to create a new class of hemostatic
nanomaterials is disclosed. Advantageously, the
nanocapsules substantially avoid complement-mediated infusion reactions, promote faster clotting than controls, maintain maximum clot firmness, and do not activate pro-inflammatory cytokines.