The invention discloses a synthesis method of high-transparency polysulfone (PSU) resin containing cycloalkyl group substituted phenol. The method includes the steps of adding organic solvent in a nitrogen-protected reaction kettle with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyi sulfone and bisphenol A as reaction monomers, wherein the mole ratio of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyi sulfone to bisphenol A is 1 to 1; conducting stirring and temperature raising, sequentially adding the reaction monomers, adding a salt-forming agent and a water separation agent after all the monomers are dissolved, conducting stirring and temperature raising, and conducting the salt forming reaction for 1-2 hours; raising the temperature after the reaction ends, adding cycloalkyl group substituted phenol with the concentration of 0.1-5%, and conducting constant-temperature polymerization reaction for 4-5 hours to obtain polymerization mucus; cooling, smashing, washing and drying polymerization mucus to obtain the finished product. The method starts from the molecular structure level, cycloalkyl group substituted phenol is introduced into polymer molecular chains, the regularity of polymer chains is broken, the crystallization degree is lowered, and high-transparency polysulfone resin with ends capped by hydroxyl groups is prepared. The synthesized product keeps existing excellent performance of polysulfone, has the advantage of high light transmittance, and has better application prospects and great market value.