A photovoltaic structure includes a transparent substrate and a transparent bottom
electrode provided over the substrate. The transparent bottom
electrode includes a first set of
metal lines in contact with a first conducting layer. The first set of
metal lines is characterized by an average height (H) of at least about 150 nm, an average width (W), and an
aspect ratio H / W of at least about 1 / 250. A self-assembled
molecular charge selective layer (SAM-CSL) is disposed over the transparent bottom
electrode. A
perovskite absorber layer overlays the SAM-CSL, an upper carrier
transport layer overlays the
perovskite absorber layer, and a top electrode overlays the upper carrier
transport layer.