The invention discloses a two-way reciprocal single longitudinal mode fiber ring cavity laser. The two-way reciprocal single longitudinal mode fiber ring cavity laser comprises a rare-earth-doped fiber (101) which is subjected to torsion processing, a first polarization controller (102), a first polarization converter (103), a narrow-band filter (104), an output coupler (105), a two-way line polarizer (110), a fine filter (112), a wavelength division multiplexer (113), a second polarization converter (114), a second polarization controller (115), a pump laser (111), a first isolator (106), a second isolator (109), a third polarization controller (107) and a fourth polarization controller (108). The two-way reciprocal single longitudinal mode fiber ring cavity laser can effectively eliminate the spatial hole-burning effect, reduce the usage of circularly-polarized light, reduce the systematic research and development risk, and reduce the influence of polarization state disturbance caused by environmental changes on the system stability, thereby improving the performance of the two-way reciprocal single longitudinal mode fiber ring cavity laser.