The invention relates to an internal and external fin bayonet-tube type high temperature exchanger, which comprises a casing, a tube box which is connected on the casing, a closed head, a longitudinal baffle, a baffle plate, tube plates of an internal tube and an external tube, a tube side inlet and outlet pipe, a casing side inlet and outlet pipe, wherein one ends of the internal tube and the external tube are respectively fixed on the tube plates of the internal tube and the external tube, and the other ends are both free ends, the internal tube is a honeycomb duct whose two ends are open, and the external tube is a heat exchange tube whose one end is open, and the other end is closed, the internal and external walls of the external tube are respectively provided with an internal fin and an external fin to form an internal and external fin bayonet-tube heat exchanging unit, and the internal fin can relatively move to the internal tube. The exchanger is divided into a high temperature shell pass and a low temperature shell pass, the components of the two shell passes are respectively produced by high temperature-resistant material and common material, also can be produced by the same material. The internal walls of the casing, the longitudinal baffle and the tube plates of the internal tube and the external tube are provided with ceramic insulating layers, and fluid on two sides of a shell is crossly flow in reverse directions. The invention can increase the heat exchange efficiency and compactness of the exchanger, reduces production cost, and can overcome the thermal stress problem, and can be applied in high temperature condition.