This invention provides recombinant polynucleotides comprising nucleic acids encoding CYP76AD6 or related genes, and their use for the production of L-DOPA from
tyrosine and for the treatment of
dopamine-responsive disorders such as Parkinson's
disease. This invention also provides recombinant polynucleotides comprising nucleic acids encoding CYP76AD1 and / or CYP76AD6, nucleic acids encoding DOPA 4,5-
dioxygenase (DOD) such as beet DODA1, and in some cases, nucleic acids encoding
betaine-related
glucosyltransferases such as the four o'
clock gene cyclic-DOPA 5-O-
glucosyltransferase (cDOPA5GT), and their use for the production of
betaine. Finally, this invention provides chimeric polypeptides, expression vectors, cells, compositions, and organisms (including plants), and their use in the various methods of this invention.