The invention discloses a filter membrane clamping device with self-locking and damping functions. The filter membrane clamping device comprises a fixed seat and an air inlet seat, a suction nozzle isconnected at the lower end of the fixed seat, a lower sealing ring is arranged on the upper surface of the fixed seat, a buffer groove is formed in the upper surface of the fixed seat, the inner bottom surface of the buffer groove is connected with a limit seat through a fourth compression spring, an upper sealing ring is arranged on the lower surface of the air inlet seat, a filter membrane is mounted between the upper sealing ring and the lower sealing ring, and mounting blocks, bearings and adjusting blocks are connected on the left side and the right side of the fixed seat and sequentially distributed on the left side and the right side of the fixed seat from bottom to top. The filter membrane clamping device has self-locking and damping functions, the speed of the upper sealing ringcan approach to zero when the upper sealing contacts with the filter membrane, so that vibration can be furthest reduced when the clamping device replaces the filter membrane, and air quality and pollution sources of pollution gas are accurately evaluated.