The invention discloses a day and night dual-purpose optical observing and sighting system, which is provided with a daylight system and a low-light level night vision system, wherein the daylight system comprises a low-light level objective lens, a low-light level tube and a low-light level inverter, the low-light level night vision system comprises a daylight objective lens and a daylight inverter, the low-light level inverter and the daylight inverter image a target onto the focal plane of an eye lens by means of a cemented coincidence prism and a day-night changeover switch, a half-transparent, half-reflective film system is plated on the cemented surface of the coincidence prism, and the image of the target is reflected into the eye lens by the coincidence prism, and thereby can be observed by the human eye. Compared with the prior art, the day and night dual-purpose optical observing and sighting system has a simple structure, is reasonably designed, realizes high imaging quality, effectively enhances the human-machine ergonomics of the lens, reduces the carried burden of a user, and effectively meets the requirement of all-weather application.