Phenylethanoic Acid, Phenylpropanoic Acid and Phenylpropenoic Acid Conjugates and Prodrugs of Hydrocodone, Methods of Making and Use Thereof

Abstract

The presently described technology provides phenylethanoic acid, phenylpropanoic acid, phenylpropenoic acid, a salt thereof, a derivative thereof or a combination thereof chemically conjugated to hydrocodone (morphinan-6-one, 4,5-alpha-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl) to form novel prodrugs or compositions of hydrocodone which have a decreased potential for abuse of hydrocodone. The present technology also provides methods of treating patients, pharmaceutical kits and methods of synthesizing conjugates of the present technology.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61 / 222,730, filed Jul. 2, 2009, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not ApplicableBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Opioids are highly effective as analgesics and are commonly prescribed for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. They are also commonly used as antitussives. The opioids, however, also produce euphoria and are highly addictive. As a result they are often abused with far reaching social and health related consequences.

[0004] Because of the inherent potential for abuse, it is desirable that any pharmaceutical composition containing an opioid agonist be made as abuse-resistant or abuse-deterrent as practical. Illicit users often will attempt to circumvent the extended release properties of these dosage forms by injecting or otherwise misusing the product in order to achieve an immediate release of the opio...

Examples

example 1

Chemical Stability of Conjugates of Hydrocodone

[0129]Exemplary conjugates of hydrocodone of the present technology and control test conjugates not of the present technology (Adipate-HC or Tyr-Tyr-Phe-Phe-Ile-hydrocodone [YYFFI-HC]) were tested for chemical stability under conditions similar to what a potential drug abused may use to “extract” the active portion of the molecule, for example dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate either at ambient temperature or at 100° C.

[0130]Samples of conjugates of hydrocodone of the present technology were tested and compared with samples of other conjugates not of the present technology for their hydrolysis to hydrocodone after dilution in 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 1 hour at ambient temperature (˜20° C.) or in an oil bath at 100° C. The percentages indicate how much of the initial amount of conjugate was hydrolyzed under these conditions. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 11N HClCompoundambient100° C.Naproxen-HC0%33%Adipa...

example 2

Oral PK profiles of Conjugated Hydrocodone of the Present Technology

[0132]The PK profiles for hydrocodone or hydromorphone released from the prodrugs of the present technology can be selected to control and modulate release to resemble various desirable curve shapes (depending on application) while maintaining beneficial chemical, intranasal and intravenous abuse resistance.

[0133]Comparison was performed for Ibu-HC, an exemplary prodrug of the current technology with Diglycolate-HC, a conjugate not within the scope of the present technology. Rats were orally administered the equivalent of 2 mg / kg of hydrocodone freebase of the conjugate and the plasma concentrations of released hydrocodone and of the active metabolite hydromorphone were measured over time by LC-MS / MS. Hydrocodone plasma concentrations produced by Ibu-HC were higher during the initial 1-2 hours than hydrocodone concentrations generated by Diglycolate-HC (AUC and Cmax for Ibu-HC were approximately 30% and 60% higher, ...

example 3

Exemplary Intranasal PK Profiles of Hydrocodone Conjugates of the Present Technology

[0134]By selecting suitable phenylethanoic, phenylpropanoic or phenylpropenoic acid analogs the resulting hydrocodone prodrugs are not hydrolyzed efficiently when administered via routes other than oral. Prodrugs of the present technology with appropriately elected ligands can produce hydrocodone and hydromorphone plasma concentrations that are significantly lower than respective plasma concentration for unbound Hydrocodone.BT or for other prodrug classes when administered intranasally.

[0135]Ibu-FIC and Adipate-HC were administered to rats intranasally at doses equivalent to 2 mg / kg of freebase hydrocodone and the plasma concentrations of released hydrocodone and of the active metabolite hydromorphone were measured by LC-MS / MS over time. Ibu-HC exhibited better abuse protection than Adipate-HC since hydrocodone plasma concentrations were significantly lower for Ibu-HC (FIG. 7; AUC and Cmax for Adipat...

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61 / 222,730, filed Jul. 2, 2009, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not ApplicableBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Opioids are highly effective as analgesics and are commonly prescribed for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. They are also commonly used as antitussives. The opioids, however, also produce euphoria and are highly addictive. As a result they are often abused with far reaching social and health related consequences.

[0004] Because of the inherent potential for abuse, it is desirable that any pharmaceutical composition containing an opioid agonist be made as abuse-resistant or abuse-deterrent as practical. Illicit users often will attempt to circumvent the extended release properties of these dosage forms by injecting or otherwise misusing the product in order to achieve an immediate release of the opio...

Examples

example 1

Chemical Stability of Conjugates of Hydrocodone

[0129]Exemplary conjugates of hydrocodone of the present technology and control test conjugates not of the present technology (Adipate-HC or Tyr-Tyr-Phe-Phe-Ile-hydrocodone [YYFFI-HC]) were tested for chemical stability under conditions similar to what a potential drug abused may use to “extract” the active portion of the molecule, for example dissolved in hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate either at ambient temperature or at 100° C.

[0130]Samples of conjugates of hydrocodone of the present technology were tested and compared with samples of other conjugates not of the present technology for their hydrolysis to hydrocodone after dilution in 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 1 hour at ambient temperature (˜20° C.) or in an oil bath at 100° C. The percentages indicate how much of the initial amount of conjugate was hydrolyzed under these conditions. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 11N HClCompoundambient100° C.Naproxen-HC0%33%Adipa...

example 2

Oral PK profiles of Conjugated Hydrocodone of the Present Technology

[0132]The PK profiles for hydrocodone or hydromorphone released from the prodrugs of the present technology can be selected to control and modulate release to resemble various desirable curve shapes (depending on application) while maintaining beneficial chemical, intranasal and intravenous abuse resistance.

[0133]Comparison was performed for Ibu-HC, an exemplary prodrug of the current technology with Diglycolate-HC, a conjugate not within the scope of the present technology. Rats were orally administered the equivalent of 2 mg / kg of hydrocodone freebase of the conjugate and the plasma concentrations of released hydrocodone and of the active metabolite hydromorphone were measured over time by LC-MS / MS. Hydrocodone plasma concentrations produced by Ibu-HC were higher during the initial 1-2 hours than hydrocodone concentrations generated by Diglycolate-HC (AUC and Cmax for Ibu-HC were approximately 30% and 60% higher, ...

example 3

Exemplary Intranasal PK Profiles of Hydrocodone Conjugates of the Present Technology

[0134]By selecting suitable phenylethanoic, phenylpropanoic or phenylpropenoic acid analogs the resulting hydrocodone prodrugs are not hydrolyzed efficiently when administered via routes other than oral. Prodrugs of the present technology with appropriately elected ligands can produce hydrocodone and hydromorphone plasma concentrations that are significantly lower than respective plasma concentration for unbound Hydrocodone.BT or for other prodrug classes when administered intranasally.

[0135]Ibu-FIC and Adipate-HC were administered to rats intranasally at doses equivalent to 2 mg / kg of freebase hydrocodone and the plasma concentrations of released hydrocodone and of the active metabolite hydromorphone were measured by LC-MS / MS over time. Ibu-HC exhibited better abuse protection than Adipate-HC since hydrocodone plasma concentrations were significantly lower for Ibu-HC (FIG. 7; AUC and Cmax for Adipat...

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