The invention discloses a portable blood transport case adopting a single power supply system. The portable blood transport case comprises a heat preservation storage case body, the single power supply system, a sensor assembly, a processor unit and a wireless communication module, wherein the heat preservation storage case body comprises a shell, a cooling chamber and a blood storage chamber, andthe cooling chamber and the blood storage chamber are arranged in the shell; the single power supply system comprises an internal battery and a single power supply circuit connected with the internalbattery, and the single power supply circuit is used for improving output power consumption and providing multiple paths of output voltage; the sensor assembly is used for obtaining position information and collecting temperature data in the blood storage chamber; the processor unit is connected with the sensor assembly; and the wireless communication module is connected with the processor unit.According to the portable blood transport case adopting the single power supply system, a case type structure is adopted, and an independent data collecting and transmitting system is arranged, so that logistics or express delivery can be directly used for single transportation, the time for loading, unloading and transporting is greatly shortened, the transportation cost is reduced, and the transportation flexibility is improved; and meanwhile, due to the adoption of the single power supply system, the size of the shell cannot be excessively increased, and the portability is kept.