The invention discloses a matrix-assisted excitation spectrum detection system adopting plasma surface sample injection. The matrix-assisted excitation spectrum detection system adopting plasma surface sample injection comprises a carrier gas system, a microwave source system, a sample injection system, a microwave induced plasma excitation source, a detection system for carrying out collection, transmission, beam splitting and detection on the detection light emitted by the microwave induced plasma excitation source, and a data processing system for carrying out analysis processing on the output signal of the detection signal, wherein the carrier gas system is connected with the gas discharge tube inlet of the microwave induced plasma excitation source, the signal input end of the data processing system is connected with the signal output end of the detection system; the microwave induced plasma excitation source is connected with the microwave source system through a microwave transmission line. According to the matrix-assisted excitation spectrum detection system adopting plasma surface sample injection, disclosed by the invention, elemental analysis is carried out in a manner of surface sample injection; the system is miniaturized in composition, good in production stability, high in sensitivity, simple in device, simple and convenient to operate, low in sample consumption, high in analysis speed, low in energy consumption, and low in gas consumption.