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This invention relates to a bamboo-like silica / polyimide core-shell nanofiber aerogel and its preparation method. The aerogel uses bamboo-like silica as the core and polyimide as the shell. Core-shell nanofibers are obtained through coaxial electrospinning, followed by gelation, freeze-drying, and thermal imidization to form a three-dimensional porous network structure with interwoven support and cross-linking. The bamboo-like silica acts as a supporting and reinforcing skeleton within the fibers, improving the aerogel's compression resilience and structural stability, while also enhancing its flame-retardant and thermal insulation properties. The preparation method includes the preparation of a polyamic acid precursor solution, acidic hydrolysis of the silica precursor solution, coaxial electrospinning to form core-shell fibers, pre-imidization, and subsequent thermal imidization steps. The resulting aerogel exhibits low density, high porosity, low thermal conductivity, and excellent thermal stability, making it suitable for applications in thermal insulation, flame retardant protection, and lightweight structural materials.