Methods and materials for making and using
extracellular vesicles (EVs) engineered to include BMP2 or BMP2 in combination with BMP7, and cells that can be used to generate such EVs, are provided herein. For example, methods and materials for generating EVs that include BMP2 or BMP2 and BMP7, and methods and materials for using such EVs to induce
bone formation, are provided. Methods and materials for making and using
minicircle DNAs (mcDNAs) to overexpress BMP2 or BMP2 and BMP7 also are provided herein. For example, methods and materials for generating mcDNAs that
encode BMP2 or BMP2 and BMP7, and methods and materials for using such mcDNAs to induce
bone formation, are provided.