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The application provides a power distribution network insulation defect early warning method and device based on a transient grounding event sequence, comprising: obtaining transient grounding data based on distributed synchronous recording, using a transient method to judge and output the grounding event of the power distribution network, and taking it as a current event; judging whether the transient grounding times of the related grounding section and grounding phase within a preset time limit exceed a threshold value, and outputting an alarm if yes; taking the grounding section and grounding phase of the current event as a keyword to construct a transient grounding event sequence in combination with the current event and four previous transient grounding history events; extracting multi-dimensional features to construct a feature vector of each event for the waveform data of each event in the sequence; inputting the feature vector sequence formed by the transient grounding event sequence into a trained hidden Markov model group, and outputting the insulation defect state of each feature dimension of the current event; and using a decision tree to infer, determine the insulation defect state corresponding to the current event, and output an alarm according to the state.