The invention discloses an oil sludge drying system and a method for drying oil sludge through the system in cooperation with a chemical agent. The system is composed of a drying chamber, a drying bed, a ventilation system, an auxiliary heat system, a liquid accumulation system and a turner, the drying chamber is composed of a ceiling and surrounding walls, and the drying chamber and the drying bed form a closed space; the drying bed is composed of heavy load ground, a heat insulation layer and an impermeable layer, the ventilation system is composed of an air inlet pipe, a drying tank, an airoutlet pipe, an induced draft fan, a burner and a chimney, and the auxiliary heat system is composed of a heat source and a radiator; the liquid accumulation system is composed of a liquid accumulation ditch and a liquid accumulation tank. A solid surfactant, a coagulant, CaO and cement are added to the oil sludge according to a certain proportion for even mixing, the mixture is flat laid and stacked in the drying chamber, and under the condition of forced ventilation, the water content is lowered by 30% or above within 5 days. According to the system and the method, the methods such as low-temperature auxiliary heat, forced ventilation, natural drying and the chemical agent are integrated, and the system has the advantages of being simple in structure, convenient to operate and low in cost and has good application prospects.