The invention relates to a green and efficient ship exhaust gas multi-pollutant removal and purification system and an intelligent regulation and control method, and the system comprises a device part, a sensing part, a control part and an optimization part. The device part comprises a marine diesel engine, a multi-pollutant detergent preparation device, a multi-pollutant enhanced removal device, a multi-pollutant washing residual liquid integrated purification device and a waste gas exhaust barrel. The sensing part is used for acquiring, preprocessing, integrating, storing and issuing information; the control part is used for adjusting the key manipulated variable by setting real-time operation conditions and optimization parameters, and ensuring that the system stably reaches the standard and is subjected to optimization adjustment; the optimization part comprises a calculation platform constructed by a pollutant generation concentration and outlet pollutant concentration prediction model, and realizes intelligent switching of desulfurization operation modes under frequent change of a navigation environment and frequent fluctuation of a load, and accurate adjustment and optimization regulation and control of system operation key parameters. Energy is saved, consumption is reduced, emission stability is improved, and environmental pollutants and resource consumption are reduced.