The invention relates to a method for extracting V2O5 and carbon from a low-carbon stone coal mine, and belongs to the field of beneficiation and metallurgy united technology. According to the method, the low-carbon stone coal mine with the grade of V2O5 larger than or equal to 0.65% and the mass percentage of carbon smaller than or equal to 18% is taken as the raw material, flotation enrichment is performed on carbon and vanadium respectively, industrial fuel with the combustion value of 2,400-3,100 cal/g as well as a vanadium-rich solution is obtained through leaching, and V2O5 is obtained by subjecting the vanadium-rich solution to purification, dissolving, vanadium precipitation and calcination. According to the technology, a pollution-free smelting process is performed through flotation enrichment of carbon and vanadium in stone coal, the smelting treatment quantity is reduced, carbon resources in the stone coal are used sufficiently, the production cost and investment cost are reduced, the total V2O5 recovery rate can reach 78%-82%, the utilization rate of carbon can reach 70%-85%, the low-carbon stone coal mine with low V2O5 grade can be treated, and the method has the advantages of low production cost, environment friendliness and the like and facilitates industrial application.