Helmet System

Abstract

A protective helmet includes a head cap, which surrounds and moves with a wearer's head, and an outer shell which surrounds the head cap. The outer shell is movable both radially and circumferentially relative to the head cap. An energy absorbing flexible liner is located between the head cap and the outer shell. The liner is attached to the outer shell and the head cap so that neither the head cap nor the head of the wearer is otherwise attached to the outer shell. The liner establishes a preset initial relative position and spacing between the head cap and the outer shell and compliantly absorbs energy imparted to the outer shell during a helmet impact to enable the outer shell to move relative to the head cap during the helmet impact and to be returned to the initial relative position with the head cap following the impact.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 471,962, filed May 15, 2012, which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 519,441, filed May 23, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0002]The present invention relates generally to helmets, particularly helmets used to protect the head of a user participating in sports, such as football, or other activities. More particularly, the present invention comprises an improved helmet system for protecting a user from sustaining concussions and other head injuries.[0003]A key function of sports helmets and football helmets in particular, is to reduce the occurrence of brain concussions. Concussion is the term used for mild traumatic brain injuries, MTBIs for short. Despite the “mild” descriptor, concussions are serious injuries and their effect if more than one is experienced by a player becom...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0065]Briefly stated, the present invention comprises a protective helmet including a head cap, which surrounds at least a portion of the cranial part of a wearer's head, and is sufficiently securable thereto to substantially match a motion of the surrounded cranial portion of the head during an impact to the helmet. An outer shell surrounds at least a portion of the head cap, and is spaced from the head cap at a preset initial relative position prior to an impact to the helmet, the outer shell being movable both radially and circumferentially relative to the head cap in response to an impact to the helmet. A liner is located between and attached to both the head cap and the outer shell. The liner establishes the preset initial relative position and spacing between the head cap and the outer shell and enables the outer shell to be fully returned to the initial relative position with the head cap following an impact to the helmet in one of two ways: (1) automatically by the liner, and (2) manually by the user. The liner also exhibits energy absorbing radial compliance to reduce a first contributor to angular acceleration of the wearer's head which results from the normal force of an impact to the helmet. The liner also exhibits at least one of energy absorbing circumferential compliance to reduce a second contributor to angular acceleration of the wearer's head which results from the tangential force of an off-center impact to the helmet, and lesser circumferential compliance to lessen the potential reduction of the second contributor to angular acceleration of the wearer's head in response to the tangential force of an off-center impact when the tangential force is located and directed such that the second contributor when summed with the first contributor would reduce the angular acceleration of the wearer's head.

[0066]The present invention also comprises a protective helmet including a head cap, which surrounds at least a portion of the cranial part of a wearer's head, and which is sufficiently securable thereto to substantially match a motion of the surrounded cranial portion of the head during an impact to the helmet. An outer shell surrounds at least a portion of the head cap, and is spaced a predetermined distance from the head cap at a preset initial relative position prior to an impact to the helmet. The outer shell is movable both radially and circumferentially relative to the head cap in response to an impact to the helmet. An energy absorbing flexible liner is located between at least a portion of the head cap and at least a portion of the outer shell. The liner includes a radial outer surface attached to an inside surface of the portion of the outer shell and a radial inner surface attached to an outer surface of the portion of the head cap. Neither the head cap nor the head of the wearer is otherwise attached to the outer shell. The liner establishes the preset initial relative position and spacing between the head cap and the outer shell and compliantly absorbs energy imparted to the outer shell during an impact to the helmet to enable the outer shell to move relative to the head cap during the impact to the helmet and to be returned to the initial relative position with the head cap following the impact to the helmet.

Problems solved by technology

Despite the “mild” descriptor, concussions are serious injuries and their effect if more than one is experienced by a player become cumulative and may lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, with reduced brain function in later life.

The problem today has become nearly epidemic—with an estimated 300,000 football concussions a year among youth, high school, college, and NFL players.

Moreover, due to players concealing their injuries and coaches and trainers failing to detect them, many experts believe that number could be low by a factor of two.

However, none of these metrics has yet been shown to be significantly more successful at predicting a concussion than the combination of the maximum linear acceleration value and the maximum angular acceleration value, where the current NFL threshold value being used for the former is 79 Gs, and the current NFL threshold value being used for the latter is 5,757 radians / second2.

Despite recent helmet improvements (mostly better cushioning in the liner area to better reduce head acceleration levels), concussions seem to continue unabated, so the various helmet improvements have not significantly helped to reduce the number of occurrences.

One likely reason for the lack of success in reducing concussions is that the helmet improvements made so far have mostly concentrated on the linear acceleration issue, and have mostly or completely ignored the angular acceleration issue.

The lack of real reductions in concussions may be the result of a simple misconception about what goes on inside the head to cause a concussion.

So, contrary to current thinking, high linear acceleration, or deceleration, does not provide the entire picture, and one needs to look further, particularly at the angular acceleration of the head.

But angular acceleration is not part of that simplified picture of what happens to the brain in a concussion, so it tends to get ignored.

And yet, unlike with linear acceleration, the cerebrospinal fluid is not as effective in eliminating damaging internal impacts of the brain against the inside of the skull in response to an abrupt high angular acceleration of the head.

But the current helmet designs do little or nothing to limit the second contributor to angular acceleration, which is the rotational motion of the head at the top of the neck.

However, in other studies, players who experienced lower values than the NFL threshold values did sustain concussions.

Clearly, the situation is far more complex than just the levels of peak acceleration.

This apparent dichotomy with respect to the role of peak linear acceleration has likely led to the confusion that's existed among current researchers trying to determine the significance of peak linear and angular accelerations in concussions.

If the neck were so rigid that the head could not move at all with respect to the massive body, it would be unlikely that any football player could receive enough linear or angular acceleration to cause a concussion.

When talking about the brain, however, the brain is not exactly neutrally buoyant in the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid.

In light of the above analysis, however, that seems to no longer be the case, even for a head deceleration level more than two times what the NFL considers to be the linear acceleration / deceleration threshold level for concussions (79 Gs).

From the standpoint of identifying better helmet protection, identifying a necessary condition is paramount, but from the standpoint of identifying a predictive metric, the necessary condition is not enough.

So angular acceleration is a poor predictor.

Some researchers, who did not appreciate the fact that what they were recording was the brain's protective mechanism against linear acceleration, have conjectured that perhaps the rapid pressure increase is the damaging mechanism.

However, because the cranium and the brain are not spherical, but instead semi-ovoid and oblong, at the oblong extremities an angular acceleration can resemble a transverse linear acceleration and as a result the CSF can experience quasi-linear acceleration induced pressure gradients at the oblong extremities which tend to gently (over a wide surface area) rotate the near neutrally buoyant brain along with the cranium, and so the CSF is still partially protective against angular acceleration induced internal impacts, just not nearly as effectively as for pure linear accelerations.

In a concussion the cranium pushes on the surface of the brain at just a few points which then bear the brunt of having to push the entire jello-like brain mass around to try to follow the sudden cranial motion, and so these points experience the most localized strain and shearing and may suffer the previously cited coup and contrecoup injuries.

Strain levels (and high strain rates) of more than 10% are considered to be almost always damaging.

But current helmet liners are not designed to reduce the rotational acceleration of the head that arises from the rotational acceleration of the helmet shell, and this rotational acceleration (from both of the above discussed studies) contributes directly to the total angular acceleration level of the head.

Looking at the shiny, round, hard plastic surface of a football helmet it may be hard to imagine how a helmet shell can even acquire a large rotational acceleration in a helmet-to-helmet collision.

Events occurring within ten milliseconds may be too fast to be seen by the human eye.

However, that is not too fast for some of the 18 ft / sec differential tangential velocity in the above non-centric impact example to be picked up by both helmet shells.

Also for impacts that are near 0 degrees off-center (a near normal impact) the normal speed and force components may be very high and the dimpled-in time may be also high, but the relative tangential speed is very low by comparison so the tangential speed that can be taken on is limited.

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