The invention relates to a water body pollutant detection method, in particular to a rapid detection method for imidacloprid water body pollution by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and belongs to the field of molecular biology. By detecting a response reaction of the aquatic insect choroterpes yixinggensis mitochondrial gene nad4L expression level to imidacloprid, imidacloprid pollution monitoringis conducted, and the method particularly comprises the following steps of 1, culture of the choroterpes yixinggensis of a to-be-detected water sample; 2, total RNA extraction; 3, gel electrophoresisdetection; 4, RNA concentration determination; 5, RNA inversion into cDNA; 6, standard construction and standard curve making; 7, gene expression quantity determination; 8, data analysis. The method is high in flexibility, good in timeliness, high in specificity, easy to implement, and capable of rapidly detecting whether or not the water body is polluted by the imidacloprid.