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This invention relates to the field of laser detection and navigation positioning technology, and discloses a real-time noise reduction and in-situ calibration system and method for laser ranging sensors. The system includes an acquisition module, an extraction unit, a mapping unit, a control unit, and a compensation unit. The system extracts the zero-position calibration pulse generated by reflection within the optical window, calculates the waveform asymmetry parameter to construct a timing compensation operator for the receiving link, and the control unit adjusts the measurement echo detection threshold according to the pulse energy distribution parameter. The compensation unit uses the operator to correct the target echo phase centroid and uses the real-time phase center of the pulse as the timing start anchor point. This invention converts the ranging reference from static setting to dynamic physical reconstruction, and synchronously eliminates clock temperature drift and circuit delay deviation caused by ambient temperature rise during the ranging cycle, thereby eliminating the cumulative error caused by spatiotemporal reference drift in long-distance navigation.