The present invention discloses an efficient temperature control device for solar telescope primary lens surface seeing effect control. The device comprises a primary lens, a lens surface sensor, a refrigeration set, a refrigeration machine external circulation cooling system, a surface cooler, a pumping pump, a fan, an electric heater, a sealed box, a controller and an environment temperature measurement device. The goal of the temperature control device is to carry out temperature control of the primary lens, thus the measurement value of the lens surface sensor is consistent with the measurement value of the environment temperature measurement device, and thus the purpose of controlling a lens surface seeing effect is achieved. Specifically the temperature control of the primary lens surface is realized by controlling the power of the electric heater and the cooling medium refrigeration temperature of the refrigeration set by the controller. Through the surface cooler, the contact area of a cooling medium is increased, the heat exchange efficiency is raised through blowing of the fan, the cold and heat loss is reduced through the sealed box, and the control response efficiency of the primary lens surface temperature is greatly improved.