Methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and articles produced thereby
a technology of magnetically modified electrodes and electrodes, which is applied in the direction of cell components, separation processes, filtration separation, etc., can solve the problems of limiting the efficiency of hsub, nonadiabatic systems are susceptible to field effects, and alter a, so as to enhance the flux of paramagnetic species and enhance the flux of oxygen
Inactive Publication Date: 2010-07-08
UNIV OF IOWA RES FOUND
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Benefits of technology
The magnetic modifications enhance the flux of oxygen to the cathode in fuel cells, equivalent to passive pressurization, and improve the charge / discharge rates and capacity of Ni-MH batteries by reducing internal resistance and optimizing electrode performance.
Problems solved by technology
An externally applied, homogeneous magnetic field will have little effect on ΔG1, but can alter A. Nonadiabatic systems are susceptible to field effects.
Since the incomplete reduction of oxygen limits the efficiency of H2 / O2 solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells, the cathode must be pressurized about five-fold over the anode.
However, the fuel cell is typically run under non-equilibrium conditions, and, as such, is subject to kinetic limitations.
These limitations are usually associated with the reaction at the cathode.
The need to pressurize air to the cathode in PEM fuel cells has been a major obstacle in the development of a cost effective fuel cell as a replacement for the internal combustion engine vehicle.
Conventional combustion engine design has limited possibilities for improvement.
High emissions is another major problem.
Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide lead to multiple global environmental problems, including global warming.
Because internal combustion engines are heat engines, it is not possible to reduce emission to zero.
High battery cost, lack of recharging infrastructure, limited range, and long recharging times limit commercial production of eclectic vehicles.
Even though the electric vehicles are a much better option for transportation than internal combustion engine vehicles with respect to emissions, an internal combustion engine vehicle can be refueled in a minute or so, while recharging a battery powered electric vehicle takes hours with current technology, which is inconvenient for personal travel.
At the current stage of battery technology, there is a limit to the rate at which a battery can accept charge.
Although fuel cells have a considerable advantage over rechargeable batteries in that they can be rapidly refueled in a manner similar to internal combustion engine vehicles, they are not a major choice for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles in the near future because fuel cell technology is still immature.
Even with improvements in battery performance, technological advances in vehicle design, and more efficient transmission and control systems, Pb-acid powered vehicles will not provide the speed and range available from internal combustion engine vehicles.
Because of the high toxicity of cadmium and battery performance, Ni—Cd rechargeable batteries are not suitable for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
The safety characteristics and high cost of Li-ion rechargeable batteries make them an unsuitable choice for such applications.
Method used
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[0283]Hence it would be very beneficial to achieve high efficiency compressor / expander power recovery technology. One way to improve the efficiency of the compressor / expander would be to reduce the pressure requirement. If a passive pressurization process could be provided within the fuel cell itself, at no cost to the power output of the fuel cell, power production from present day fuel cells would be increased by approximately 20%.
[0284]Magnetically modified cathodes may reduce the need for pressurization as oxygen is paramagnetic. The field may also alter oxygen kinetics. Potential shifts of +35 mV to +100 mV represent a 5% to 15% improvement in cell efficiency, a comparable savings in weight and volume. Also, in fuel cells, as hydrated protons cross the cell, the cathode floods and the anode dehydrates. Water transport may be throttled by composite separators of graded density and hydration.
Membrane Sensors
[0285]Membrane sensors for the paramagnetic gases O2, NO2, and ...
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Abstract
The present invention is directed to methods for making magnetically modified electrodes and electrodes made according to the method. Such electrode are useful as electrodes in batteries, such as Ni-MH batteries, Ni—Cd batteries, Ni—Zn batteries and Ni—Fe batteries.
Description
[0001]This application is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 876,035, filed on Jun. 8, 2001, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09 / 047,494, filed Mar. 25, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,676, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08 / 249,797 filed Aug. 25, 1994, now abandoned, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.[0002]Part of the work performed during the development of this invention utilized U.S. government funds under grants No. CHE92-96013 and No. CHE93-20611 from the National Science Foundation, Chemistry Division, Analytical and Surface Science. The government may have certain rights in this invention.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0003]1. Field of the Invention[0004]This invention relates generally to methods for forming magnetically modified electrodes and electrodes made by such methods. According to the present invention, magnetically modified electrodes exhibit improved propertie...
Claims
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IPC IPC(8): B05D5/12B01D39/04B01D39/06B03C1/01B03C1/02C25B11/00H01M4/86H01M8/10H04W84/08
CPCB01D39/04B01D39/06B03C1/01B03C1/02B82Y25/00C23C30/00Y02E60/523H01M4/86H01M4/8605H01M8/00H01M8/1004H04W84/08C25B11/00Y02E60/50
InventorLEDDY, JOHNAZOU, PENGCHENG
OwnerUNIV OF IOWA RES FOUND