35 results about "Direct energy conversion" patented technology

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

This invention relates to the field of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) direct energy conversion. In particular, TPV systems use filters to minimize parasitic absorption of below bandgap energy. This invention constitutes a novel combination of front surface filters to increase TPV conversion efficiency by reflecting useless below bandgap energy while transmitting a very high percentage of the useful above bandgap energy. In particular, a frequency selective surface is used in combination with an interference filter. The frequency selective surface provides high transmission of above bandgap energy and high reflection of long wavelength below bandgap energy. The interference filter maintains high transmission of above bandgap energy and provides high reflection of short wavelength below bandgap energy and a sharp transition from high transmission to high reflection.

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

A self-driven direct energy conversion system is to be provided which can suppress global warming using a heat generation apparatus that can obtain a circulating type and open system energy source utilizing exhaustless, reusable thermal energy with no pollution in the natural world. The system has a thermal energy transfer module which a Peltier effect device group is separated from a Seebeck effect device group at a given distance, an electric power generating module, and an electrolyzer module in which thermal energy transfer and electric energy conversion are conducted, and a water electrolyzer circuit artificially forms a chemical energy source of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas easily pressurized, compressed, accumulated, stored, and transferred. Thus, thermal energy, electric power, and chemical energy are utilized.

The invention belongs to the field of the wireless communication technology and particularly relates to a method and a device for restraining inter-cell interference of a high level modulating signal based on OFDM-IDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Interleave-division Multiple Access). The invention adopts an OFDM signal sending and receiving system model based on IDMA; after being interwoven by an interweaver, a signal of a transmitter is modulated; and prior information of a received signal is updated by an ESE (Elementary Signal Estimator) estimator and a DEC (Direct Energy Conversion) decoder so as to reduce the interference. The device provided by the invention comprises a transmitter and a receiver for restraining inter-cell interference based on OFDM-IDMA. The method and the device provided by the invention can improve the anti-jamming capability of cell edge users in a heaver loading system.

This invention relates to the field of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) direct energy conversion. In particular, TPV systems use filters to minimize parasitic absorption of below bandgap energy. This invention constitutes a novel combination of front surface filters to increase TPV conversion efficiency by reflecting useless below bandgap energy while transmitting a very high percentage of the useful above bandgap energy. In particular, a frequency selective surface is used in combination with an interference filter. The frequency selective surface provides high transmission of above bandgap energy and high reflection of long wavelength below bandgap energy. The interference filter maintains high transmission of above bandgap energy and provides high reflection of short wavelength below bandgap energy and a sharp transition from high transmission to high reflection.

A method for combusting a diesel or JP-8 fuel at high temperatures enabling efficiency and power density improvements for portable direct energy conversion systems such as thermophotovoltaics and thermionics is provided. Oxygen enriched air is processed in situ using membrane separation methods. A blower or pump downstream from the membrane provides oxygen enriched air to a fuel burner where high temperature oxidation of a diesel or JP-8 fuel is then enabled in a burner assembly. The hot combustion gases in the burner heat an emitter specifically designed for a thermophotovoltaic or thermionic device. A second blower or pump provides nitrogen enriched air for auxiliary cooling purposes.

The invention concerns a direct energy-transfer converter of the AC / AC or DC / DC type, including a self-regulated synchronous rectifier, in which the rectifier switches are controlled through one or more transformer windings. The converter includes a primary stage with at least one primary winding of a transformer and at least one controlled switch, with a secondary stage having at least one secondary winding (10) of the transformer, and a synchronous rectifier (1) with at least a first switch (20) which is self-regulated and conducting during the conducting phase of the controlled switch of the primary stage, known as the direct energy-transfer stage, and at least one secondary switch (30) which is self-regulated and conducting during the non-conducting phase of the controlled switch of the primary stage, known as the freewheel phase, and an output filter (5). Said converter also includes the means (CTC1) to render conducting said second switch (30) independently of the voltage at the terminals of the secondary winding (10) during said freewheel phase.

The invention relates to a water-electrolytic hydrogen making integrated device for a perovskite solar cell and a manufacturing method for the integrated device. According to the integrated device and the manufacturing method, the perovskite solar photovoltaic cell is originally connected in series with a photochemical cell, and the perovskite solar cell is connected in parallel with the photochemical cell by utilizing the advantage of high output voltage of the low-band-series perovskite solar cell, so that water-splitting hydrogen making is performed without an external bias power supply, and direct energy conversion from solar energy to hydrogen energy is realized; during use, a low-band-series perovskite material can absorb short-wave sunlight and a wide-band-series photochemical cell material can absorb long-waveband sunlight, so that the utilization rate of the sunlight is effectively increased; and when the perovskite solar photovoltaic cell is manufactured, a TiO2-coated Au / Ag core-shell layer is directly used as an electron transmission layer without the need for additionally making a special electron transmission layer, so that a manufacturing process is simplified, the production cost is reduced, the light absorption of a perovskite layer is facilitated, and the light absorption effect of the solar cell is improved.

An electrical storage device comprises a capacitor or capacitor bank capable of storing significant quantities of electricity. An inverter in circuit with the capacitor converts direct energy of the capacitor into alternating current. A variable ratio transformer is in circuit with the output of the inverter to produce an alternating current output of controlled voltage. The impedance of the transformer acts to prolong discharge of the capacitor over a significant time period. To further control the rate of discharge of the energy storage capacitor, an additional capacitor may be provided in the transformer circuit.

Methods, systems, and devices convert biomass from the field to provide heat, motive working gas, electrical energy, or fuel such that the biomass directly replaces or supplements liquid fossil fuels wherever these fuels may be used. The methods include procedures for harvesting the biomass, reducing it to a transportable form, purifying it and blending additives as necessary, and finally reducing the refined biomass to an explosible particle size distribution generally finer than 80 mesh for heating applications or 200 mesh for application in internal or external combustion engines. The present invention preferably includes transportation of the finished powder to storage units at the end user site, where the fuel is used by continuous delivery, metering, and dispersal in air to produce a continuous supply of an explosible fluid dispersion for direct energy conversion. Systems of automatic production for a variety of applications are also described.

The invention relates to a magnetic drive operation method of an electromagnetic coil, a magnetic drive mechanism and an impact device. The drive mechanism comprises a coil and a combination body which moves relative to the coil and is formed by a combination of a magnetic induction section and a non-magnetic induction section, the impact device comprises a frame, The hammer body, coil and the controller that controls the power of the coil, Through the unique control of the coil, A magnetic inductor is driven by a magnetic field generate by that coil when the magnetic inductor is energized when the magnetic inductor is locate in the magnetic induction region at the front end of the coil, the coil is de-energized when the magnetron moves to the position of the reverse magnetic field regionof the coil, so as to realize unipolar and unidirectional driving of the coil to the magnetic inductor, ingeniously conceived, A linear or linear reciprocate motion of a magnetic inductor driven by anelectromagnetic force can produce an impact hammer, Impact rammer, pile driver, crusher, foundation tamper, vibrator, etc., or applied in rail transportation, transportation and military field, can use electromagnetic to do work for long-distance and reciprocating operation, with the advantages of direct energy conversion, pollution-free, small wear and tear, etc.

A method and apparatus for direct energy conversion employs modulated static magnetic flux emanating from the pole of a permanent magnet. Photon Cooper pair breaking is used to force a quantum state in Type II superconductor thin films by modulating a vortex channel made up of a bundle of vortex tubes isolated from each other for channeling static magnetic flux. Flux quanta are pinned inside the vortex channel by the magnetic interaction of the Meissner effect, atomic elastic forces, and an effect of electrons moving on the surfaces of the vortex tubes, and a massive shift in the permeability at the front of vortex channel. Static flux conducted through the vortex channel while in a superconducting state is modulated by forcing a quantum state of the Cooper pairs to toggle the vortex channel in and out of a superconducting state, which modifies its permeability up to 1×106 &mgr.

A method and apparatus for collecting and storing the energy emitted by radioisotopes in the form of alpha and or beta particles is described. The present invention incorporates aspects of four different energy conversion and storage technologies, those being: Nuclear alpha and or beta particle capture for direct energy conversion and storage, fuel cells, rechargeable electrochemical storage cells and capacitive electrical energy storage.

A system and apparatus for controlled fusion in a field reversed configuration (FRC) magnetic topology and conversion of fusion product energies directly to electric power. Preferably, plasma ions are magnetically confined in the FRC while plasma electrons are electrostatically confined in a deep energy well, created by tuning an externally applied magnetic field. In this configuration, ions and electrons may have adequate density and temperature so that upon collisions they are fused together by the nuclear force, thus forming fusion products that emerge in the form of an annular beam. Energy is removed from the fusion product ions as they spiral past electrodes of an inverse cyclotron converter. Advantageously, the fusion fuel plasmas that can be used with the present confinement and energy conversion system include advanced (aneutronic) fuels.

A method and apparatus for direct energy conversion that combines the properties of Type II superconductor thin films, including the Meissner effect to create vortices to control and modulate static flux coupled in a magnetic circuit, where the laws of induction are used to produce an electrical signal without the use of moving armatures. The dynamics of magnetic flux modulation results from suppression of superconductivity and the Meissner effect by external photon irradiation. The apparatus employs a vortex channel based on the Meissner Effect, a laser, a permanent magnet, fiber optics for carrying the laser beam to the vortex channel, and a transformer composed of two separate windings. The transformer windings are arranged in a circuit having a first path through the permanent magnet and a first coil of the transformer windings; and a second path through the permanent magnet, the vortex channel, and the second coil of the transfer windings.

The rail barrel direct energy transferor is a modified rail barrel within which a flywheel consisting of two propellers rotate and traverse back and forth in order to transfer rotational energy to generators provided at distal ends of said rail barrel. The interior of the rail barrel is outfitted with a threaded rod upon which two propellers rotate about and traverse back and forth along. The propellers are adjacent one another and include longitudinal members that extend away from one another. The longitudinal members engage the generators when traversed down the threaded rod in order to transfer the rotational energy. The distal ends include spring pistons that are pushed against when the propellers reach the respective end of the rail barrel. The spring pistons being supplied compressed air from a source, and which pushes the propellers of the flywheel in order to continue the traversing motion.

Long-term and high-density energy sources are described that utilize radioisotope batteries that provide a tritium (3H)-based direct energy conversion system. The beta radiation source is a nitroxide compound with a synthetic yield near 100%. The nitroxide compound can be molded into flexible films to cover multiple structures, and has a specific activity and gravimetric density (wt % 3H) comparable to that of tritiated hydrides. A carrier system based on such tritiated nitroxides can be scaled up without significant beta self-absorption, permitting the energy source to have higher specific volume power densities than current radioisotope batteries. Such a carrier can be applied directly to a semiconductor array (such as an integrated circuit) in order to provide electrical power or, alternatively, be prepared with a phosphor and applied to a photovoltaic cell.

A first conductive member and a second conductive member having different Seebeck coefficients are joined together by a joining member to form a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements, and these thermoelectric conversion elements are disposed in at least two different temperature environments. The first conductive members of respective thermoelectric conversion elements or the second conductive members thereof are connected to each other by an electric wiring to form a direct energy conversion electric circuit system, and electric potential energy is picked up from an arbitrary portion on this electric wiring. Accordingly, the direct energy conversion electric circuit system from thermal energy to electric energy is formed. A water electrolyzer is disposed in the passage of the circuit system in which the first conductive members or second conductive members having connected respective thermoelectric conversion elements are connected to thereby able to convert thermal energy into chemical energy and sore it.

The invention discloses a phase change gel for sunlight photo-thermal conversion, and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a phase change material into an organic solvent, adding a porous support material, and completely dissolving to obtain a phase change solution; adding a surface-modified photo-thermal conversion material into the phase change solution, and uniformly dispersing the photo-thermal conversion material in the phase change solution through a physical means; and heating to remove the organic solvent in the phase change solution to obtain the phase change gel with the photo-thermal conversion performance. The phase change gel prepared by the invention is applied to the field of sunlight photothermal conversion, and direct energy conversion is carried out by combining heat storage of the phase change gel with thermoelectric power generation.

Energy storage and conversion systems are, formed when tightly integrated components including thermochemical storage subsystem with a concentration cell to provide very high capacity and high energy density systems. Systems taught here include the unique combination of a thermochemical energy storage module in close thermal communication with a direct energy converter in the form of a concentration cell. A closed-loop thermochemical module receives heat input at a receiving port to drive a reversible chemical reaction. The end-to-end system achieves an ‘on-demand’ functionality because the reagents of said chemical reaction may be safely stored for long periods of time without detrimental effect. When these reagents are again reunited, they produce heat that may be transmitted to the direct energy converter arranged to convert so received heat directly into an electric output suitable for doing work on an external system. Heat from the storage system drives a working fluid of the concentration cell type direct converter to ionize it. Electrons separated from atoms or molecules of the gas at a very special membrane arranged to efficiently facilitate ion migration form an electrical current that is operable for doing work when applied to an external load. Upon recombination with the ions the working fluid is restored to its original state and becomes available for another cycle. Thus, the direct energy converter or concentration cell is also a closed-loop system.

A first conductive member and a second conductive member having different Seebeck coefficients are joined together by a joining member to form a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements, and these thermoelectric conversion elements are disposed in at least two different temperature environments. The first conductive members of respective thermoelectric conversion elements or the second conductive members thereof are connected to each other by an electric wiring to form a direct energy conversion electric circuit system, and electric potential energy is picked up from an arbitrary portion on this electric wiring. Accordingly, the direct energy conversion electric circuit system from thermal energy to electric energy is formed. A water electrolyzer is disposed in the passage of the circuit system in which the first conductive members or second conductive members having connected respective thermoelectric conversion elements are connected to thereby able to convert thermal energy into chemical energy and sore it.

A method and apparatus for collecting and storing the energy emitted by radioisotopes in the form of alpha and or beta particles is described. The present invention incorporates aspects of three different energy conversion and storage technologies, those being: Nuclear alpha and or beta particle capture for direct energy conversion and storage, rechargeable electrochemical storage cells and capacitive electrical energy storage.

A method and apparatus for direct energy conversion that combines the properties of Type II superconductor thin films, including the Meissner effect to create vortices to control and modulate static flux coupled in a magnetic circuit, where the laws of induction are used to produce an electrical signal without the use of moving armatures. The dynamics of magnetic flux modulation results from suppression of superconductivity and the Meissner effect by external photon irradiation. The apparatus employs a vortex channel based on the Meissner Effect, a laser, a permanent magnet, fiber optics for carrying the laser beam to the vortex channel, and a transformer composed of two separate windings. The transformer windings are arranged in a circuit having a first path through the permanent magnet and a first coil of the transformer windings; and a second path through the permanent magnet, the vortex channel, and the second coil of the transfer windings.