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This invention discloses a method for the stepwise extraction of single components from high-purity insoluble dietary fiber, belonging to the field of chemical separation and extraction technology. The method specifically includes: (1) Lignin extraction: reacting high-purity insoluble dietary fiber with a eutectic solvent at high temperature, filtering to obtain filtrate and precipitate one, and then concentrating, settling, washing and drying the filtrate to obtain lignin; (2) Hemicellulose extraction: adding acetone to precipitate one and stirring and centrifuging to obtain precipitate two; then adding alkaline solution to precipitate two, stirring and settling to obtain precipitate three and supernatant; then subjecting the supernatant to alcohol precipitation and freeze-drying to obtain hemicellulose; (3) Cellulose extraction: washing and freeze-drying precipitate three to obtain cellulose. Through the above method, the stepwise extraction of single components from insoluble dietary fiber can be achieved with high purity; in addition, the raw materials used are inexpensive, and waste can be utilized at high value, reducing resource waste.