Developing member, electrophotographic process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

Abstract

The developing member includes a substrate having an electroconductive outer surface; an insulating layer on the outer surface of the substrate; and electrically insulating domains on an outer surfaceof insulating layer, and has an outer surface including a surface of the insulating resin layer and surfaces of the domains, wherein a potential decay time constant of each of the surfaces of the domains is >=60.0 seconds, and a potential decay time constant of the surface of the electrically insulating layer is < 6.0 seconds, and assuming that the electrically insulating domains are orthographically projected onto the outer surface of the substrate, to obtain projection images of the respective domains, each of areas of the projection images is defined as S, and each of areas of convex envelopes of the projection images is defined as H, at least one of the domains satisfies 0.05<=S / H<=0.80.

Description

technical field [0001] The present disclosure relates to a developing member for electrophotography, and to an electrophotographic process cartridge and an electrophotographic image forming apparatus. Background technique [0002] Known image forming methods for electrophotographic image forming apparatuses such as copiers, facsimile machines, and printers include developing methods using magnetic one-component toners or non-magnetic one-component toners. Specifically, an electrophotographic photosensitive member as a rotatable latent electrostatic image bearing member is charged by a charging unit such as a charging roller, and the surface of the charged photosensitive member is exposed to laser light to form an electrostatic latent image. [0003] In the next step, in the electrophotographic process cartridge for the image forming apparatus, the toner in the toner container is applied to the developing member by the toner supply roller, and regulated by the toner regulatin...

AI Technical Summary

Problems solved by technology

Specifically, in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment such as a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 80 percent, the toner conveyance rate is lower than that of a normal temperature and humidity environment such as a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50 percent. Reduced ability

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