The invention discloses a water quality image acquisition and information transmission system and method based on an underwater acoustic communication unit network, and belongs to the field of underwater information acquisition and communication. The system comprises a water quality sensor, a serial port camera, a serial port distributor, an underwater acoustic communication machine, a 5V/1A lithium battery, a 24V/4A lithium battery and an RS232 interface cross line, wherein the communication machine is connected with the input end of the distributor, the sensor and the camera are connected with the output end of the distributor through cross lines, and the communication machine, the sensor, the camera and the distributor are powered by the lithium battery. According to the invention, communication protocols are connected in a program, the types of transmitted data are judged according to the formats of the three communication protocols, and then corresponding data formats are added ordeleted, so that the data are transmitted again in equipment with the corresponding data formats. Finally, the function of inquiring the water quality and the image condition thereof can be realizedon the communication machine terminal.