Glypican-1 in human breast cancer

Abstract

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-(GPI-) anchored HSPG glypican-1 is strongly expressed in human breast and pancreatic cancer—both by the cancer cells and in the case of pancreatic cancer the adjacent fibroblasts—whereas expression of glypican-1 is low in the normal pancreas and in chronic pancreatitis. Treatment of two pancreatic cancer cell lines, which express glypican-1, with the enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) abrogated their mitogenic responses to two heparin-binding growth factors: fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Treatment of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells with PI-PLC abrogates the mitogenic response to two heparin-binding growth factors, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Syndecan-1 is also expressed at high levels in breast cancer tissues as well as breast cancer cells by comparison with breast normal tissues. Temporary or permanent transfection of a glypican-1 antisense construct attenuated glypican-1 protein levels and the mitogenic response to FGF2 and HB-EGF. Glypican can be used to detect the carcinoma in vitro and therapeutics that either bind to (e.g., antibodies or drugs), remove (e.g., enzymes) or prevent the expression (e.g., antisense constructs) of surface of the extracellular domain of glypican-1 are effective in retarding the growth of glypican-responsive carcinomas.

Description

[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09 / 807,575, filed on Jul. 12, 2001, which is the National Phase filing of PCT / US99 / 24176, filed on Oct. 15, 1999, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60 / 104,510 (filed Oct. 16, 1998) and Ser No. 60 / 121,624 (filed Feb. 25, 1999). The present application is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60 / 309,722 (filed Jul. 31, 2001). All of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present application concerns medical sciences and more particularly detection and treatment of human cancers, especially breast cancer. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Membrane associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are thought to play important roles in many aspects of cell behavior, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion (59, 10...

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Benefits of technology

[0012] We have discovered that glypican-1 expression-both mRNA and protein—is dramatically up-regulated in human cancers. We have also found that glypican-1 is highly expressed by human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines in vitro, and that in such cells glypicans (and no other classes of HSPGs) are uniquely required for FGF2 and HB-EGF induced mitogenesis in the case of pancreatic cancer and FGF2, HB-EGF and HGF in the case of human breast cancer. Ten of twenty breast cancer samples exhibited moderate to high levels of glypican-1 mRNA. The glypican-3 mRNA transcript was expressed at moderate to high levels in 5 of 20 normal breast tissue samples. In the breast cancers, it was expressed at moderate to high levels in 6 of 20 samples. The glypican-4 mRNA transcripts were below the level of detection in the normal samples, and present at low levels in 7 of 20 breast cancer samples. The 3.4- and 2.6-kb syndecan-1 mRNA transcripts were present at low levels in all 20 normal breast tissue samples. In contrast, in the breast cancers, both syndecan-1 transcripts were expressed at moderate to high levels in 9 of 20 samples. Enzymatic destruction of glypicans blocked the stimulatory effect of completely blocked the stimulatory effect of HB-EGF and FGF-2 in vitro. Together, these results demonstrate that glypican-1 may play a crucial role in the growth factor signaling pathways underlying aggressive human cancer. Transfection of cells with glypican-1 antisense markedly attenuated the growth stimulatory effects of HB-EGF, HRG-α, HRG-β, FGF2 and HGF confirming the importance of glypicans in breast cancer and suggesting the use of antisense or other factors that decrease glypican-1 as therapeutic agents for breast cancer.

[0014] We have discovered that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-(GPI-) anchored HSPG glypican-1 is strongly expressed in human breast and pancreatic cancer—both by the cancer cells and in the case of pancreatic cancer the adjacent fibroblasts—whereas expression of glypican-1 is low in the normal pancreas and in chronic pancreatitis. Treatment of two pancreatic cancer cell lines, which express glypican-1, with the enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) abrogated their mitogenic responses to two heparin-binding growth factors that are commonly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer: fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and heparin-binding EGF-like growth ° factor (HB-EGF). PI-PLC did not alter the response to the non-heparin binding growth factors EGF and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells with phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C (PI-PLC) abrogates the mitogenic response to two heparin-binding growth factors, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Syndecan-1 is also expressed at high levels in breast cancer tissues as well as breast cancer cells by comparison with breast normal tissues. However, it is not removed from cell-surface by PI-PLC treatment and clones expressing the glypican-1 antisense did not decrease syndecan-1 levels. Stable expression of a form of glypican-1 engineered to possess a transmembrane domain instead of a GPI-anchor conferred resistance to the inhibitory effects of PI-PLC on growth factor responsiveness in pancreatic and breast cancer cells. Furthermore, temporary or permanent transfection of a glypican-1 antisense construct attenuated glypican-1 protein levels and the mitogenic response to FGF2 and HB-EGF. Thus, glypican-1 plays an essential role in the responses of pancreatic and breast cancer cells, and most likely in other glypican-responsive carcinomas as well, to certain mitogenic stimuli, that it is relatively unique in relation to other HSPGs. Glypican can be used to detect the carcinoma in vitro and therapeutics that either bind to (e.g., antibodies or drugs), remove (e.g., enzymes) or prevent the expression (e.g., antisense constructs) of surface of the extracellular domain of glypican-1 are effective in retarding the growth of glypican-responsive carcinomas such as human breast cancer.

Problems solved by technology

However, it is not removed from cell-surface by PI-PLC treatment and clones expressing the glypican-1 antisense did not decrease syndecan-1 levels.

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