The invention provides an inorganic heat preservation material and a preparation method and application thereof. The inorganic heat preservation material is prepared from cement, mineral admixtures, pretreated nanosilicon dioxide, macromolecular prepolymers, an additive, fibers, a foaming agent and water. Pretreated nanosilicon dioxide is prepared from nanosilicon dioxide, a silane coupling agent and absolute ethyl alcohol, and the macromolecular prepolymers are prepared from epoxy resin, crylic acid, a catalyst, a curing agent and a silane coupling agent. According to the inorganic heat preservation material and the preparation method and application thereof, the dry bulk density and heat conducting coefficient of the material can be effectively reduced, the toughness of the material can be improved, the strength and the toughness are properly improved on the existing basis, construction needs are met, and the selection range of building energy saving materials, external wall insulation materials and the like is greatly widened.