The marketing of goods and services to consumers has always been more art than science, and the science aspect has been rather inexact.
The inexactness of the science derives primarily from the fact that vendors are unable to obtain, at least without prohibitive cost, sufficiently accurate information concerning
consumer's actual preferences, either individually, or in the aggregate.
The vendor's strategy for ascertaining aggregated
consumer preference data is, presently, to concentrate on segments of the
consumer market, but they are only able to isolate or define these segments at a prohibitively high cost.
Generally, the factors the vendor selects to define a market segment are based upon
demographic data which is costly to compile.
In practice, these assumptions generally prove to be reliable enough to justify the cost of the survey, but all too often, just barely justified.
Knowing, for instance, that most members of a constructed demographic group, (or “market segment”) report the purchase of a particular product will not justify a vendor in presuming the same purchase by each member of that group.
If either the model is flawed or the group's behavior does not accurately reflect the
market place, the resulting impressions of the marketplace are misleading.
Even once they have targeted an audience; vendors then must spend a tremendous amount of money to deploy the marketing plan.
For example, if a bicycle manufacturer has learned that 25-45 year old, college educated, white males are more likely to buy mountain bikes costing over $900 than any other market segment, it is not possible to immediately offer such bikes to all those, and only those in that segment, because it is not possible to accurately and precisely identify them.
For the foregoing reasons, while current marketing does work, and products are sold, the process is extremely inefficient.
Even more importantly, most consumers believe they have certain preferences or spending habits but they are simply honestly mistaken.
This kind of mistake is prevalent with recurring, but small and variable expenses such as groceries and phone charges.
Another problem with traditional market research is that the information gathered has a limited
shelf life.
Therefore, even the time required to compile the results of such a snapshot tends to diminish its value.
Due to inconsistencies in and unreliability of self-reporting, the data is less scientific than that allowed by other “
direct observation” disciplines.
Motoyama also fails to teach collecting information from one's household bills and using that information to find the most suitable product or offer terms.
Among the shortcomings of Peckover is its inability of deriving and / or validating the consumers' preferences from their purchase history.
Because it is neither comprehensive, i.e. contains all of consumer's purchase patterns, nor does it catalogue the terms of the purchases, there is little data to extend the information beyond that garnered by following a shopper as that shopper window shops.