Synthesis of hydrochar from jackfruit
a technology of hydrochar and jackfruit, which is applied in the field of hydrochar, can solve the problems of slow desorption kinetics, non-hazardous mb, tissue necrosis, etc., and achieve the effects of reducing the risk of mb, and reducing the use range of a
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Synthesis of Jackfruit Peel Hydrochar (JFHC)
[0032]Waste JFP was collected from a local vegetable market in Saudi Arabia, chopped with a knife into small pieces (˜1 cm cube), and dried at 60° C. for a week in an oven. The dried JFP was washed with deionized (D.I.) water to completely remove any impurities, such as dirt and dust. The dried and rinsed JFP was again dried overnight at 60° C. and the dried JFP was manually crushed using a mortar and pestle. The uniformly crushed JFP biomass was subjected to HTC in a 200 mL polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined autoclave. In a typical HTC procedure, a slurry of JFP biomass was first made by adding 75 mL D.I. water to 8 g JFP biomass, and then transferred to an HTC reactor. The reactor was sealed and heated at 150° C. for 3 h in an oven and was then cooled at room temperature. The sample (JFHC@150 / 3) was collected through filtration and washed several times with D.I. water to remove unwanted products generated during the HTC process. FIG. 1...
example 2
Chemical Activation of Developed JFHC Samples
[0033]The developed JFHC samples (JFHC@150 / 3, JFHC@200 / 3 and JFHC@250 / 3) were chemically activated with phosphoric acid (0.1 N H3PO4; PA), hydrogen peroxide (10% H2O2; HP), and a phosphoric acid+hydrogen peroxide (0.1N H3PO4+10% H2O2: PA+HP) mixture. One gram of JFHC@150 / 3 was treated separately with either 50 mL PA (JFHC@150 / 3_PA), 50 mL HP (JFHC@150 / 3_HP), or 50 mL PA+HP (JFHC@150 / 3_PA_HP) with stirring by a magnetic stirrer at 200 rpm for an hour. The resulting chemically activated samples were separated, e.g., through filtration, and washed several times with D.I. water until a neutral pH of the JFHC rinse water was achieved. All three samples were dried overnight at 80° C. in an oven. The same activation protocols for chemical activation were performed on the JFHC@200 / 3 and JFHC@250 / 3 samples. The nomenclature of the resulting synthesized JFHC samples is given in Table 1. FIG. 1 illustrates the JFHC@150 / 3 activation with PA through c...
example 3
Characterization of Developed and Chemically Activated JFHC Samples, and Presumed MB Adsorption Mechanism
[0034]The functional groups present on the pristine JFHC@150 / 3 and JFHC@150 / 3_PA samples and involved during MB adsorption on JFHC@150 / 3_PA were detected by FT-IR (Nicolet 6700, Thermo Scientific, USA) spectroscopic analysis, as illustrated in FIG. 2. A band at 3443 cm−1 was attributed to hydroxyl (—OH) group stretching vibrations (Wang et al., 2017). Two adjacent bands at 2827 cm−1 and 2928 cm−1 were attributed to symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of C—H groups (Wang et al., 2017). A band at 1733 cm−1 was attributed to carbonyl (C═O) group stretching vibrations in ester and acetyl linkages in hemicellulose and lignin. Bands at 1622 cm−1 and 1519 cm−1 were associated with the aromatic ring present in lignin. The bands at 1053 cm−1 and 1159 cm−1 were associated with C—O—C stretching vibrations in cellulose. After chemical activation of JFHC@150 / 3 with PA, a band in range: 973 cm...
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