287 results about "Hydrothermal carbonization" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of municipal sludge treatment, in particular to a method for recycling nitrogen and phosphorus elements from municipal sludge. According to the method, the municipal sludge is subjected to hydrothermal carbonization treatment, the treated solid-phase product is dried and ground to a specific particle size, the solid-phase product is subjected to acid leaching under a specific condition to extract the phosphorus element, and then heavy metal and metal elements such as Al and Fe in the acid leaching liquid are removed by adopting strong-acid ion exchange resin and a chemical precipitant, so that the phosphorus element is obtained. And finally, mixing the struvite with a hydrolyzate which is subjected to hydrothermal carbonization treatment and is rich in ammonia nitrogen, and precipitating by adjusting the element proportion and the pH value to obtain a solid-phase product struvite crystal. According to the method, external nitrogen-containing substances do not need to be added, the content of heavy metal in the solid-phase product struvite can be effectively reduced, the recovery rate of phosphorus can reach 93% or above, the recovery rate of ammonia nitrogen can reach 63% or above, the recovery rate of nitrogen and phosphorus is high, energy consumption is low, and the treatment cost is low.

The invention provides a method for preparing carbon quantum dot reinforced subcritical artificial humic acid and applying the carbon quantum dot reinforced subcritical artificial humic acid to a rice field, which comprises the following steps: collecting organic wastes, and drying, grinding and sieving the organic wastes to obtain pretreated raw materials; the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing pretreated raw materials with water, reacting in a hydrothermal carbonization system at 200-280 DEG C for 1-3 hours, modifying through acid-base pretreatment, adjusting a reaction medium or an additive, and naturally cooling to obtain a natural substance subjected to hydrothermal carbonization; carrying out solid-liquid separation on the natural substance subjected to hydrothermal carbonization by using a 100-mesh coarse filter screen to obtain solid-phase hydrothermal carbon and liquid-phase artificial humic acid; carrying out purification treatment on the liquid-phase artificial humic acid for 48 hours by using a dialysis bag to obtain carbon quantum dots and characterizing the carbon quantum dots; the carbon quantum dot reinforced subcritical artificial humic acid is applied to a rice field, and is additionally applied in a fertilization period. Compared with a traditional composting technology, the scheme has the advantages that the carbon conversion rate is increased by 2-3 times, the soil fertility can be improved, and the rice yield is increased.

The invention provides phosphorus-doped hydrothermal synchronously-activated hierarchical pore green biochar, a preparation method thereof and application of the phosphorus-doped hydrothermal synchronously-activated hierarchical pore green biochar in formaldehyde adsorption, and belongs to the technical field of biomass resource high-value utilization and air pollution control. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a biomass raw material with a phosphoric acid catalyst, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization reaction, carrying out solid-liquid separation on a reaction product after the reaction is finished, collecting a solid-phase material, drying, mixing with potassium hydroxide, activating, washing and drying the obtained product, and thus obtaining the phosphorus-doped hydrothermal synchronously-activated hierarchical porous green charcoal. Phosphoric acid is introduced in the hydrothermal stage to serve as a structure-directing agent and a doping source, uniform doping of phosphorus and coordinated regulation and control of a pore structure are achieved, a hierarchical pore channel system is formed in the subsequent activation process, and the physical adsorption and chemical fixation capacity of the biochar to formaldehyde molecules is greatly improved.

The invention discloses a sludge treatment process based on an ultrasonic hydrothermal carbonization technology. The sludge treatment process comprises the following steps: intercepting and filtering out large impurities in biological sludge; carrying out solid-liquid separation on the intercepted sludge, and carrying out concentration treatment on the sludge to obtain concentrated sludge; discharging the concentrated sludge into an ultrasonic hydrothermal carbonization reaction kettle, adding water to adjust the concentration of the concentrated sludge to 10-20%, starting an ultrasonic generator, adding a composite catalyst when the temperature in the ultrasonic hydrothermal carbonization reaction kettle reaches 50 DEG C and the pressure reaches 0.8 Mpa, and converting to generate carbon slurry; wherein the composite catalyst is prepared from ferric oxide, platinum and activated carbon according to a preset proportion; carrying out primary solid-liquid separation on the carbonaceous slurry, separating solid-phase carbon mud and liquid-phase carbon mud in the sludge suspension, and carrying out filter pressing on the solid-phase carbon mud to obtain a mud cake; and drying the mud cake, and granulating in a granulator to obtain the hydrothermal carbon granules. According to the sludge treatment process based on the ultrasonic hydrothermal carbonization technology, the sludge treatment difficulty can be effectively reduced, and the sludge can be quickly treated.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine carbon dots, in particular to ligusticum wallichii carbon dots, a medicine and application. The ligusticum wallichii carbon dots disclosed by the invention are obtained by carbonizing ligusticum wallichii by a hydrothermal method, wherein the hydrothermal method carbonization is a hydrothermal reaction at 175-195 DEG C for 8-12 hours; research finds that the ligusticum wallichii carbon dots have the characteristic of treating myocardial apoptosis caused by myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and compared with ligusticum wallichii carbon dots synthesized by ligustrazine and a pyrolysis method, the ligusticum wallichii carbon dots have the advantage that the heart function can be better recovered. The invention provides a new candidate drug for treating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.

A carbon capture and storage (CCS) material may be synthesized using a wide variety of feedstock from agricultural, forestry, and sanitary wastes. The feedstock is heated under a reaction medium. After adding a solution of an activating alkali metal compound to the feedstock, the feedstock and activating alkali metal compound are heated under flowing gases to form the CCS material. This CCS material may be used and regenerated multiple times, then used as a soil amendment.

The invention relates to a preparation method and application of carbon nanosphere modified biomass monolithic composite porous carbon, and belongs to the field of energy and chemical industry, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, cutting pine into pine chips, drying, and carbonizing at high temperature to obtain a carbonized product; s2, dipping the carbonized product in a hydrochloric acid solution, then washing the carbonized product to be neutral, dehydrating the carbonized product, and polishing the dehydrated carbonized product; s3, putting the composite porous carbon into a glucose solution, carrying out vacuum-assisted impregnation, transferring into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization, drying, and carrying out constant-temperature chemical conversion; and S4, placing the composite porous carbon in a potassium bicarbonate solution for vacuum impregnation, drying and dehydrating, placing in a tubular furnace for constant-temperature chemical conversion to obtain a converted and carbonized product, impregnating in hydrochloric acid, washing, and drying. The specific surface area of the integral composite porous carbon is effectively increased, the electrode / electrolyte interface contact characteristic is remarkably optimized, and the pore channel space utilization rate and the energy storage performance are synchronously improved.

The present application belongs to the technical field of cracking and dechlorination of chlorinated mixed plastics, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a red mud-based chlorinated mixed plastic pyrolysis composite dechlorination agent and a dechlorination method. First, the coffee grounds are converted into biochar through a hydrothermal carbonization reaction, and at the same time, the reducing gas released during the carbonization of the coffee grounds is used to reduce part of the hematite in the red mud to Fe3O4; then, through a high-temperature carbon thermal reaction, the residual hematite in the red mud is completely reduced to Fe3O4, and at the same time, the composite with the added CaO is realized, and finally, the composite dechlorination agent composed of the modified red mud, the biochar and the CaO is obtained. The dechlorination agent has a suitable specific surface area and an adjustable pore structure, can effectively fix HCl during the cracking of chlorinated mixed plastics, and can further obtain plastic pyrolysis oil with ultra-low chlorine content, and realize the high-value utilization of the red mud and coffee grounds solid waste.

The invention belongs to the technical field of electrode materials, and relates to coffee residue heat treatment doping-based super capacitor carbon and a preparation method and application thereof, coffee residue is used as a raw material, and after hydrothermal carbonization, staged gradient activation and ultrasonic-acid etching coupling treatment, the super capacitor carbon with a rich pore structure is prepared. According to the process, through precise matching of intrinsic characteristics of coffee grounds and process parameters, a hierarchical porous structure is constructed and is matched with an electron transport network formed by self-doping, so that the technical bottleneck that a traditional biomass carbon material is poor in electrical conductivity and difficult to achieve both ion diffusion efficiency is broken through; the super-capacitor carbon with extremely high specific surface area, excellent electricity storage performance and high energy density is finally obtained; a supercapacitor electrode prepared from the supercapacitor carbon has good charge-discharge performance, large specific capacitance, high energy density and good cycle efficiency; moreover, efficient recycling of the coffee grounds can be achieved, the environment-friendly requirement is met, the process is simple, cost is low, and application and popularization are easy.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic waste treatment, and discloses a device and method for strengthening hydrothermal carbonization of organic waste through plant ash coupling granulation, organic waste is subjected to vibration fluidization through a vibration fluidization device, and the organic waste is subjected to multi-stage cutting and stirring through three layers of spiral blade paddles; the multi-stage mechanical granulation of the organic waste is realized under the combined action of the two, and the macrostructure of the organic waste is destroyed and modified, so that the organic waste becomes uniform small-particle organic waste; then, alkaline plant ash is used for promoting biomass molecules of the uniform small-particle organic waste to be subjected to alkaline deconstruction, the microstructure of the organic waste is destroyed and modified, and the hydrothermal activity is improved.

The present invention relates to the technical field of municipal sludge and industrial sludge treatment methods. Disclosed is a hydrothermal carbonization-based method for comprehensively treating iron-containing sludge and straw, comprising the following steps: 1) crushing and sieving straw, primarily dehydrating iron-containing sludge, and adding a catalyst for catalytic wet oxidation treatment; 2) adding wet-oxidized iron-containing sludge and a crushed and sieved fiber to a raw material storage tank and adding a dehydrating agent for dehydration treatment; 3) preheating a raw material conveying tank and then feeding the material into a reactor for a hydrothermal carbonization reaction; 4) collecting the resulting biochar slurry to a collecting tank for cooling; and 5) adding an appropriate amount of pulverized coal to the material and then carrying out plate press dehydration, or directly carrying out plate press dehydration, the material being used as a solid fuel. The present invention integrates two techniques, i.e., anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal carbonization, for sludge treatment, and the process is optimized from material and energy balance perspectives, so that the solid fuel and biochar substances are generated while sludge reduction is realized; moreover, the operation cost of the process is reduced, and the generated hydrothermal carbon can be either returned to the field for use or be used as an additive to promote anaerobic digestion, and also exhibits magnetism and can be recycled.

The invention relates to the field of sewage treatment, in particular to a treatment method and system for a sludge hydrothermal carbonization solution. The treatment method provided by the invention comprises the following steps: adjusting the pH value of the sludge hydrothermal carbonization solution to 5-6 to obtain an initially adjusted carbonization solution; carrying out hydrolytic acidification reaction on the primarily adjusted carbonized solution to obtain a hydrolytic acidification carbonized solution; carrying out methanogenesis reaction on the hydrolytic acidification carbonization solution to obtain an anaerobic digestion carbonization solution; performing multi-stage anaerobic-aerobic denitrification treatment on the anaerobic digestion carbonization solution to obtain a denitrified carbonization solution; dephosphorizing the denitrified carbonized solution to obtain a dephosphorized carbonized solution; and carrying out resin adsorption on the dephosphorized carbonized liquid, and then discharging the dephosphorized carbonized liquid. The treatment method provided by the invention can effectively remove organic matters and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contained in the sludge hydrothermal carbonization liquid. The concentrations of various pollutants in the discharged water meet the water quality standard of sewage discharged into urban sewers, and the problem of secondary pollution to the environment caused by wastewater generated by a sludge hydrothermal carbonization technology is solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of carbon materials, and relates to a coal tar-based nitrogen-sulfur co-doped porous carbon material and a preparation method thereof.The coal tar-based nitrogen-sulfur co-doped porous carbon material is prepared from waste coal tar as a carbon source, animal hair as a carbon source, a nitrogen source and a sulfur source, shrimp and crab shells as a nitrogen source and a template agent and strong base as an activating agent through hydrothermal carbonization and high-temperature activation. The carbon material with high specific surface area and adjustable pore structure is obtained, and contains a certain amount of heteroatom nitrogen and sulfur. The shrimp and crab shell particles are used as a template agent to provide internal initial pores; in the hydrothermal pre-carbonization process, a high-temperature alkali solution can quickly dissolve hair to form polypeptide substances, so that the polypeptide substances in a pyrolysis product are uniformly mixed with tar, alkali, crustacean particles and the like, and uniform co-doping of nitrogen and sulfur is facilitated. The problems of low carbon production rate, serious graphitization, low porosity, difficulty in directional regulation and control of a pore structure and low content of heteroatoms in tar in the prior art are solved, and the specific surface area of the porous carbon material is increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of activated carbon, and discloses a surface modification method of biomass super-capacitor activated carbon, which comprises the following steps: (1) spraying an aqueous solution containing a carbon and nitrogen source dopant onto the surface of the biomass super-capacitor activated carbon and realizing complete infiltration, the carbon and nitrogen source dopant being glucosamine; (2) carrying out hydrothermal carbonization at 120-300 DEG C in an inert atmosphere, and then drying; then carrying out heat treatment at 400-500 DEG C in an inert atmosphere; and (3) carrying out activation reaction in the atmosphere of CO2, water vapor or mixed gas of CO2 and water vapor. According to the preparation method, the activated carbon is doped by adopting the carbon and nitrogen source doping agent, meanwhile, hydrothermal carbonization is carried out, surface functional groups of biomass activated carbon are removed, defect sites in the structure of the biomass activated carbon are repaired through carbon doping, structured doping is achieved, lattice distortion of the carbon material can be small through nitrogen doping, and then the conductivity and cycling stability of the capacitor carbon are improved.

The invention discloses a method for preparing high-performance carbon microspheres based on classification of waste cotton textiles, which comprises the following steps: aiming at the waste cotton textiles which are accumulated in the open air and have obvious aging difference, firstly carrying out mechanical opening and impurity removal and photocatalytic decontamination pretreatment, and then sorting the aging degree through a carbonyl sensitive fluorescent probe and laser irradiation, so as to obtain the high-performance carbon microspheres. The heavily aged hydrophobic fibers and the lightly and moderately aged hydrophilic fibers are obtained. Treating the lightly and moderately aged fibers with an ionic liquid repairing system, and then preparing regenerated high-strength fibers by adopting magnetic control liquid crystal spinning; the heavily aged fiber is subjected to catalyst-free hydrothermal carbonization and gradient KOH activation pore expansion, and the graded pore carbon microspheres are prepared. According to the method, different aged fibers are accurately utilized, the performance of regenerated products is improved, pollution is reduced, and the resource utilization rate and additional value of the waste cotton textiles are increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of preparation of activated carbon materials, in particular to a coupling activation preparation method and application of a biomass-derived porous carbon material. According to the coupling activation preparation method of the biomass-derived porous carbon material, the biomass-derived porous carbon material is prepared from a biomass raw material through the steps of fermentation, acid leaching reinforcement, hydrothermal carbonization, activation and acid pickling impurity removal. The biomass-derived porous activated carbon material prepared by the above steps is detected by a scanning electron microscope, and the biomass-derived porous activated carbon material is in a porous layer shape and has rich micropore and mesoporous structures; through electrochemical test experiment detection, the biomass derived porous activated carbon material has excellent capacitive performance, and when the current density is 0.5 A / g, the specific capacity value range is 200-400 F / g; the material also has good stability, the biomass derived porous activated carbon material is assembled into a symmetric supercapacitor, and after 10000 circles of stability tests, the retention rate of the specific capacitance of the symmetric supercapacitor can be maintained at about 96.4%.

The invention discloses vinasse activated carbon and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, drying and crushing vinasse, adding wine brewing wastewater, mixing, carrying out hydrothermal carbonization, filtering, washing and drying to obtain hydrothermal carbon; s2, adding an activating agent into the hydrothermal carbon in the S1 for dipping, and drying to obtain dipped hydrothermal carbon; s3, performing high-temperature activation on the soaked hydrothermal carbon in the step S2, cooling, washing and drying to obtain the hydrothermal carbon. The wine brewing wastewater is used for hydrothermal carbonization, the yield of activated carbon can be increased, the adsorption performance of the activated carbon can be improved, and the method is low in production cost, environmentally friendly, high in resource utilization rate and good in industrial application prospect.

The invention discloses a flue gas distributed denitration process, and belongs to the technical field of fuel gas distributed energy supply. Ammonia gas is added into flue gas at an inlet of a bag-type dust collector and reacts with nitrogen oxide in the flue gas at an active site of a low-temperature denitration catalyst, so that efficient denitration can be realized at a low temperature, and nontoxic and harmless nitrogen and water are generated; reheating denitration is not needed; according to the low-temperature denitration catalyst, cerium nitrate and manganese nitrate are impregnated into mesoporous pores of mesoporous titanium dioxide submicrospheres through vacuum impregnation, glucose serves as a carbon source, p-phenylenediamine serves as a nitrogen source, and manganese cerium / nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide microspheres are obtained through hydrothermal carbonization. And then MOF-tungsten is dispersed in silicon dioxide sol to coat the manganese cerium / nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide microspheres, so that the manganese cerium / nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide microspheres have good compressive strength, wear resistance and denitration efficiency, have excellent ammonium bisulfate decomposition capability and are not easy to block.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a supercapacitor carbon material through microalgae and biomass catalytic co-hydrothermal carbonization. The method comprises the following steps: S1) performing crushing, screening, washing and drying treatment on lignocellulose biomass and microalgae; s2) uniformly mixing the lignocellulose treated in the step S1), microalgae, a catalyst and water, performing hydrothermal reaction, and performing suction filtration and drying after the reaction is completed to obtain hydrothermal carbon; s3) performing uniform ultrasonic dispersion on the hydrothermal carbon obtained in the step S2) and an activating agent in an aqueous solution, and drying to obtain a solid mixture of the hydrothermal carbon and the activating agent; and S4) activating the solid mixture of the hydrothermal carbon and the activating agent obtained in the step S3) in an inert atmosphere, cooling and removing impurities to obtain a final product, namely the super-capacitor carbon material. Biomass and microalgae are adopted for catalytic co-hydrothermal carbonization, the yield and nitrogen content of hydrothermal carbon are improved at the same time, and the porous carbon material obtained after follow-up activation treatment has higher nitrogen content and pore structure, so that the porous carbon material has better electrochemical performance.

The preparation method comprises the following steps that hexagonal boron nitride is subjected to carbon coating treatment through a carbon source, then the carbon source is placed in a vacuum reaction furnace at the temperature of 1500-2000 DEG C to be subjected to a solid-phase reaction, and the carbon source comprises a carbohydrate compound and an oxygen-containing compound; the carbon coating treatment comprises the following steps: (1) mixing a carbohydrate compound and hexagonal boron nitride, carrying out ball milling, adding water into the obtained mixed powder, uniformly dispersing, and then carrying out hydrothermal carbonization to obtain primary carbon-coated boron nitride; and (2) spraying an oxygen-containing compound on the surface of the primary carbon-coated boron nitride obtained in the step (1), cooling, drying, carrying out closed carbonization at 500-1000 DEG C for 3-6 hours, and naturally cooling to obtain secondary carbon-coated boron nitride. According to the method, the carbon source is directly adopted to perform surface amorphous carbon coating on the nanoscale hexagonal boron nitride, so that the boron nitride powder is prevented from being agglomerated, the reaction of the carbon source and the boron nitride can be promoted, and the quality of the boron carbide nano powder is improved.

The invention provides a method for recovering liquid-phase phosphorus and preparing solid fuel through co-hydro-thermal treatment of fish mud and PVC, and provides an optimized hydro-thermal reaction process aiming at the problems that the recovery rate of the liquid-phase phosphorus is low and the performance of hydro-thermal carbon fuel is poor in the hydro-thermal treatment process of the fish mud (namely aquaculture bottom mud). The method specifically comprises the following steps: (1) pretreating fish paste; (2) mixing the treated fish paste and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) according to a certain proportion; and (3) carrying out hydrothermal carbonization treatment on the mixture obtained in the step (2). And (4) carrying out solid-liquid separation on the carbonized product in the step (3). And (5) a liquid-phase product can be directly used for phosphorus recovery. And (6) the solid-phase product can be used as solid fuel. The method has the advantages of being easy and convenient to operate, high in resource utilization rate, environmentally friendly and the like, and is suitable for efficient treatment and energy utilization of organic waste.

The invention discloses a double-network composite hydrogel based on hydrothermal carbon reinforcement and a preparation method thereof, belongs to the technical field of polymer composite materials, and aims to improve the water absorption rate, water retention property, mechanical toughness and thermal stability of the hydrogel. Comprising the following steps: drying and sieving biomass, mixing with pure water, stirring, and carrying out hydrothermal carbonization reaction; after the reaction is finished, taking out, washing and drying to obtain hydrothermal carbon; dissolving sodium alginate in water, adding the hydrothermal carbon after the sodium alginate is dissolved, stirring at high temperature, reacting to obtain a mixture I, purging with nitrogen, standing and cooling; adding acrylamide, N, N '-methylene bisacrylamide and persulfate into the mixture I, and stirring to obtain a mixture II; and carrying out high-temperature reaction on the mixture II to prepare the dual-network composite hydrogel. According to the method, the water absorption rate, the water-retaining property, the mechanical toughness and the thermal stability of the hydrogel are improved, and the requirements of long-term bearing and repeated expansion and shrinkage of soil are met.

The present invention relates to the technical field of activated carbon, and discloses a surface modification method for biomass supercapacitor activated carbon, comprising the following steps: (1) spraying an aqueous solution containing a carbon and nitrogen source dopant onto the surface of the biomass supercapacitor activated carbon to achieve complete wetting, wherein the carbon and nitrogen source dopant is glucosamine; (2) performing hydrothermal carbonization at 120-300°C under an inert atmosphere, and then drying; thereafter, performing heat treatment at 400-500°C under an inert atmosphere; (3) performing an activation reaction under an atmosphere of CO2, water vapor, or a mixture of CO2 and water vapor. By doping the activated carbon with a carbon and nitrogen source dopant and simultaneously performing hydrothermal carbonization, the surface functional groups of the biomass activated carbon are removed, carbon doping repairs the defect sites in its structure, and structural doping is achieved. Nitrogen doping can cause less lattice distortion of the carbon material, thereby improving the conductivity and cycle stability of the capacitive carbon.

The invention relates to the field of wave-absorbing materials, in particular to a composite carbon-based wave-absorbing material and a preparation method thereof.PVC powder serves as a main matrix of reaction, carbon powder is added for hydrothermal carbonization reaction, C-Cl bonds in PVC are destroyed, and the C-Cl bonds are converted into C-O bonds, C = O bonds and C = C bonds. Soluble manganese salt and soluble ferric salt are used for generating MnFe2O4, the generated MnFe2O4 can be compounded with dechlorinated PVC, CH3COONa helps the substances to be fully dissolved, and biochar can effectively modify waste PVC, so that a large number of holes are formed in the surface of the modified PVC, and a large number of sites are provided for compounding of manganese ferrite; the wave-absorbing performance of the sample can be regulated and controlled, and the comprehensive wave-absorbing performance of the PVC material can be remarkably improved by controlling the manganese ferrite content and the carbon powder content.

Disclosed is a system for reducing an amount of organic waste and increasing biogas production, combined with a hydrothermal carbonization device having improved energy consumption efficiency. According to an aspect of the present invention, provided is a system for reducing an amount of organic waste and increasing biogas production, the system comprising: a storage tank configured to receive and store organic waste; an anaerobic digester configured to digest organic waste from the storage tank, digest organic matter, and produce biogas; a dewatering unit configured to primarily dewater organic waste discharged from the anaerobic digester; a hydrothermal carbonization device configured to receive and hydrothermally carbonize the dewaterd organic waste; and a filter press configured to secondarily dewater the hydrothermally carbonized product discharged from the hydrothermal carbonization device.

According to the wet garbage treatment system provided by the utility model, a hydrothermal carbonization method and a microwave carbonization method are combined, so that the stable quality of a product is ensured, and meanwhile, generated harmful gases are reduced. A material outlet of the sorting device is connected with a material inlet of the material particle preparation device, a material outlet of the material particle preparation device is connected with a material inlet of the drying device, a material outlet of the drying device is connected with a material inlet of the hydrothermal carbonization device, and a material outlet of the hydrothermal carbonization device is connected with a material inlet of the microwave carbonization device. A material outlet of the microwave carbonization device is connected with a material inlet of the carbon block preparation device; a waste gas outlet of the drying device and a waste gas outlet of the microwave carbonization device are connected with the hydrothermal carbonization device; a waste gas outlet of the hydrothermal carbonization device is connected with the waste gas treatment device; a waste liquid outlet of the material particle preparation device is connected with the waste liquid treatment device.

The invention relates to a heat exchanger comprising heat transfer surface tubes (16) and end elements arranged in at least one row of tubes (16). The heat exchanger (10) comprises a housing (11) surrounding a row of tubes (16). The tube (16) is straight. In a heat exchanger (10), a substance to be heated or cooled is configured to flow in a tube (16) and a stationary heat transfer medium (20; 21) are located in a volume (19) within the housing (11) between the tubes (16), and each end of the tubes (16) is releasably attached to an end element. The invention also relates to a system for treating organic waste by hydrothermal carbonization under given process conditions, comprising at least one source organic waste, at least one wet organic waste tank, at least one thermal reactor for hydrothermal carbonization, a heat exchanger (10). The at least one wet organic waste tank and the at least one thermal reactor are in flow connection with a heat exchanger (10), and the heat exchanger (10) is configured to heat organic waste to be treated by hydrothermal carbonization in the thermal reactor and to cool biochar sludge received from the thermal reactor resulting from hydrothermal carbonization.

The invention discloses super-capacitor carbon based on waste traditional Chinese medicine residues and a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: 1, taking traditional Chinese medicine residue powder, and carrying out the hydrothermal carbonization to obtain hydrothermal carbon; 2, mixing the hydrothermal carbon with KOH, and performing high-temperature activation; and step 3, washing the activated sample to be neutral, drying, pickling, and drying again. The specific surface area range of the super capacitor carbon is 510.60-2060.21 m < 2 > / g, and the super capacitor carbon is of a porous structure. According to the prepared high-performance supercapacitor carbon based on thermochemical treatment of the waste traditional Chinese medicine residues, the specific capacitance value of a double-electrode-layer supercapacitor prepared from the high-performance supercapacitor carbon reaches up to 145.5 F / g, and the capacitance retention rate is higher than 90% after 10000 times of circulation; the optimal working condition is screened out by testing the capacitive performance of porous carbon with different hydrothermal reaction conditions, different activation temperatures, different manganese contents and different activated alkali-carbon ratios, and used traditional Chinese medicine residues belong to biomass and are cheap and easy to obtain.

[Problem] To provide a method for producing an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst having relatively superior characteristics not only under alkaline conditions but also under neutral and acidic conditions, and to provide an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. [Solution] The method comprises: a preliminary carbonization treatment step for obtaining rice husk biochar by putting a raw material containing rice husks into a solution containing iron and sulfuric acid, and performing hydrothermal carbonization treatment; a heat treatment step for mixing the rice husk biochar obtained in the preliminary carbonization treatment step with sodium chloride and urea, and then heating the mixture for heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere; and a neutralization step for obtaining an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst by subjecting the product obtained in the heat treatment step to acid treatment for neutralization.

The utility model relates to the technical field of sludge treatment and disposal, and discloses a high-solid-content sludge hydrothermal carbonization treatment device which comprises a sludge bin, the mixed material preheating tank is provided with a first feed port, a second feed port, a steam inlet and a discharge port, and the sludge bin is communicated with the first feed port; the hydrothermal reaction kettle is communicated with the discharge hole through a first pipeline; the flash tank is communicated with the output end of the hydrothermal reaction kettle through a second pipeline, the flash tank is provided with a steam outlet, a first discharge port and a second discharge port, the steam outlet is communicated to the steam inlet through a third pipeline, and the second discharge port is communicated to the second feed port through a fourth pipeline; the cooling tank is communicated with the first discharge hole through a fifth pipeline. The high-solid-content sludge hydrothermal carbonization treatment device disclosed by the utility model can effectively reduce treatment energy consumption and improve treatment efficiency.