Systems and methods for treating obesity and other gastrointestinal conditions

Abstract

Systems and methods affect tightening of the pyloric sphincter and / or serve to mediate or moderate receptive relaxation of muscles in the stomach, to treat or mitigate various physiologic conditions, such as obesity, biliary reflex, GERD, and / or Barrett's esophagus. The systems and methods may be used as either a primary treatment modality, or applied as a supplementary treatment before, during or after a primary intervention.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is a divisional of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10 / 291,862 filed 8 Nov. 2002, which is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10 / 155,294, filed May 24, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,074, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 304,750, filed May 4, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,744, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 026,296, filed Feb. 19, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,877, which are each incorporated herein by reference. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10 / 156,505, filed May 28, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 410,448, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,732.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]In a general sense, the invention is directed to systems and methods for treating interior tissue regions of the body. More specifically, the invention is directed to systems and meth...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0023]One aspect of the invention achieves a tightening of the pyloric sphincter. The tightening of the pyloric sphincter can serve single or multiple physiologic purposes. The tightening can, e.g., restrict or meter the outflow of materials from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter, to prolong a feeling of satiety after eating, and thereby reduce the incidence of overeating, which can lead to obesity and other physiologic conditions. The tightening of the pyloric sphincter can, e.g., restrict or meter the backflow of acid, enzymes, and bile or other fluids through the pyloric sphincter into the stomach, to prevent or mediate the effects occasioned by contact between these materials and the stomach and / or esophagus. The systems and methods may be used as either a primary treatment modality, or applied as a supplementary treatment before, during or after a primary intervention.

[0024]According to this aspect of the invention, the systems and methods can affect tightening of the pyloric sphincter, e.g., by ablating tissue in, at, or near the pyloric sphincter. Surface tissue can be targeted for ablation, or, alternatively, tissue can be targeted for ablation below the surface, including the submucosa, the sphincter itself, or the area surrounding the sphincter. Ablation evokes a desired tissue response, which can include, e.g., an initiation of a localized healing process including influx of white blood cells and fibroblasts, followed by deposition of collagen, and a subsequent reduction in tissue compliance and tightening. These effects will result in enhanced pyloric sphincter barrier function. The ablation can be achieved by exposure of the tissue to conductive tissue heating, ohmic tissue heating, or an ablation agent, or combinations thereof.

[0025]According to this aspect of the invention, the systems and methods can also affect tightening of the pyloric sphincter, e.g., by injection of a treatment agent that evokes a desired tissue tightening response. The treatment agent can comprise, e.g., at least one sub-type of a cytokine—which can initiate a localized healing process—and / or at least one sub-type of a vanilloid-containing compound—which can cause the interruption of afferent nerve impulses affecting the pyloric sphincter. The systems and methods can also affect tightening of the pyloric sphincter, e.g., by injection of a treatment agent that may include a tissue bulking agent. Presence of the bulking agent results in additional tissue compliance reduction and tightening to enhance sphincter barrier function.

[0028]Another aspect of the invention mediates the receptive relaxation of muscles of the stomach in response afferent neural signals triggered by the stretching of smooth muscle occasioned by entry of food bolus into the stomach. The mediation of this neurological event can inhibit the further relaxation and stretching of stomach muscles, particularly in the fondus, to inhibit or moderate the increase in stomach volume during eating. Restricting the capacity of the stomach during food intake prolongs a feeling of satiety during and after eating. This, in turn, serves to reduce or moderate the incidence of overeating, which can lead to obesity and other physiologic conditions. The systems and methods may be used as either a primary treatment modality, or applied as a supplementary treatment before, during or after a primary intervention.

Problems solved by technology

Usually, obesity results from eating too much and exercising too little—in other words, consuming more calories than one burns.

It is not uncommon for obese individuals to encounter discrimination in the job market, at school, and in social situations.

Obesity can subject one to personal ridicule as well as limitations on recreational activities and clothing choices.

From an increased risk of premature death to serious chronic conditions that reduce the overall quality of life, obesity is a major problem for those affected by it.

However, more commonly, an obese person ingests a large amount of calories which sustain or increase body mass.

Why individuals overeat and become obese is a multi-faceted problem.

Alternatively, a person may lack an understanding of the association between eating large quantities of energy-dense foods and weight gain and obesity.

More commonly, individuals overeat in Western cultures due to hunger, social situations, and continuous access to food sources.

Besides the discomfort of heartburn, reflux results in symptoms of esophageal inflammation, such as odynophagia (pain on swallowing) and dysphagia (difficult swallowing).

The excess acid causes bloating and increased pressure on the LES, which often results in GERD.

Serious complications have been associated with Barrett's esophagus.

These include an increased risk of esophageal dysplasia and esophageal cancer.

Images