Methods and compositions for administration of oxybutynin

Abstract

The present invention is directed to methods and compositions for treating pulmonary disease comprising delivering directly to a patient's lungs a therapeutically effective amount of oxybutynin in combination with one or more pharmaceutically effective agents. Oxybutynin may be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, a xinafoate salt, a palmitate salt, a pamoic salt, a resonate salt, a laurate salt and other salts. The pharmaceutically effective agents comprise bronchodilators, antiinflammatories, corticosteroids, corticosteroid reversal agent or alveolar growth agents or other agents selected from proteinase or protease inhibitors.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION[0001]This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13 / 728,706, filed Dec. 27, 2012, which is a CIP of U.S. application Ser. No. 12 / 904,964, filed Oct. 14, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,415,390, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12 / 130,903, filed May 30, 2008, now abandoned, which claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60 / 940,907, filed May 30, 2007.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION[0002]1. Field of the Invention[0003]The present invention relates generally to novel methods of administering oxybutynin, to novel forms of oxybutynin and novel dosage forms containing oxybutynin designed for delivery via the pulmonary route. More specifically, the present invention comprises novel forms of oxybutynin in combination with one or more pharmaceutically effective agents. The invention will be described in particular in connection with pulmonary delivery of oxybutynin for treatment of respiratory diseases ...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0037]A feature and advantage of the present invention that results from pulmonary delivery of oxybutynin is that the typical primary metabolite formation of DEO is largely avoided as are the adverse side effects resulting therefrom as above mentioned.

[0038]Additionally, we have found that certain salts of oxybutynin, when administered via pulmonary delivery result in a significantly longer acting efficacy effect than anticipated given that the oral half life is only 2.5 hours. These salts include a novel salt form of oxybutynin, namely the xinafoate salt of oxybutynin which heretofore has not been reported in the literature. For example, all dosing of oxybutynin is typically three times daily due to a relatively short half-life of 2.5 hours with minimal plateau levels of drug remaining at approximately eight (8) hours. On the other hand, pulmonary delivery of a salt of oxybutynin unexpectedly provides a duration of activity in guinea pig lungs of up to 18 hours which would translate into one to twice daily human dosing. This is illustrated in FIG. 1 attached.

[0039]The xinafoate salt of oxybutynin is prepared by reacting oxybutynin with xinafoic acid in methyl tent-butyl ether under an inert (nitrogen) atmosphere. Other salts of oxybutynin that advantageously can be administered by pulmonary delivery include palmitate, pamoic, resinate, laurate and stearate salts and also esters of oxybutnin, and can provide unexpected results of improved half-life as well as reduced adverse metabolite production.

[0040]In selecting a preferred configuration of oxybutynin for therapeutic administration, the inventors herein contemplated several properties of various oxybutynin salts, including but not limited to the following:

[0053]As a free base, oxybutynin is poorly soluble and lipophilic, having an aqueous solubility and Log P of 0.01 mg / mL and 3.3, respectively. To improve drug solubility, oral oxybutynin was formulated as a hydrochloride salt, improving the gastric solubility to 20 mg / mL (measured at pH 4) (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,396). For the purposes of pulmonary delivery, the inventors herein developed an alternate strategy where a less soluble, more lipophilic salt form was engineered. It has been noted previously that a slow dissolution rate and potential for lipophilic binding in vivo may prolong drug retention in the lung and delay absorption into systemic circulation. The corticosteroids triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate have shown mean absorption times in the lungs of 2.9 hours and 5-7 hours, respectively (Patton (2007) Nature Reviews in Drug Discovers, V6, p67-74). To increase the potential for lung retention, the xinafoic acid (xinofoate) salt of oxybutynin was synthesized. Other lipophilic salts, such as stearates and palmitates were attempted; however, it was experimentally determined that the thermodynamic driving force indicated by the difference in pKa of oxybutynin and xinafoic acid (8.24 vs. 2.7) would more likely result in salt formation.

[0054]Before conducting salt synthesis studies, the solubility of oxybutynin in various organic solvents was evaluated (Table 1). These solubility studies indicated a number of potential solvents to use during salt synthesis; however, only methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) produced crystalline salt and acceptable yields. The synthesis and crystallization methods were adapted from a method used to synthesize oxybutynin hydrochloride (U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,529). In the patented method, ethanol is added to MTBE to precipitate salt crystals; however, since the xinafoate salt is likely much less soluble than the hydrochloride, water was used to induce precipitation of oxybutynin xinafoate. The results and specifications of all salt synthesis experiments are summarized in Table 2. Example 3 provides a description of the process used for synthesizing oxybutynin xinafoate salt.TABLE 1Oxybutynin Solubility in Various Organic SolventsSolventOxybutyninSolventTempSolventClassWt (mg)Volumes(° C.)ResultTHFII20.4523SolubleMethyllI18.4523SolubleTHFi-PrOAcIII20.7523SolubleEtOAcIII19.5523SolubleMTBEIII21.7530Soluble;NorecrystallizationTolueneII22.0523SolubleEthanolII21.9531Soluble;Norecrystallization2-III20.8539Soluble;PropanolNorecrystallizationAcetoneIII20.8523SolubleMethanolII18.1523SolubleTABLE 2Salt Synthesis ExperimentsEntryAcidSolventSolventTemp%(scale)(equiv)(1) (vol)(2) (vol)(° C.)IsolationRecoveryComments1XinafoicMTBEEtOH45Evaporation94Foam;(0.5 g)(1)(3 vol)(4)1:1 salt by NMR;1.2% residual EtOH2XinafoicMTBEMTBE50Cooled to92Foam;(0.5 g)(1)(3 vol)  (5.4)5° C.; then1:1 salt by NMR;evaporated3% residual MTBE3Xinafoic2-PrOAcnone50Cooled to101Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(6 vol)5° C.; then1:1 salt by NMR;evaporated5.5% residual IPAc4Xinafoic2-PrOHnone80Evaporated86Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(10 vol) 1:1 salt by NMR5XinafoicMethyl THFnone80Evaporated106Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(10 vol) 1:1 salt NMR6XinafoicToluenenone80Evaporated112Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(10 vol) 1:1 salt NMR7XinafoicMIBKnone80Evaporated118Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(10 vol) 1:1 salt NMR8XinafoicWater2-PrOH80Evaporated99Oil;(0.5 g)(1)(10 vol) (10) 1:1 salt NMR9XinafoicMTBEEtOH50Crystallized771:1 salt;  (3 g)(1)(3 vol)(4)0.16% residrual MTBECrystalline by XRPD;DSC: 104-106° C.10 XinafoicMTBEnone50Crystallized891:1 salt;  (3 g)(1)(5 vol)0.23% residrual MTBE;Crystalline by XRPD;DSC: 104-106° C.11 XinafoicMTBEnone50Crystallized891:1 salt by NMR; (20 g)(1)(5 vol)0.27% residual MTBE;0.057% residual H2O (KF)

Problems solved by technology

(1) Oxybutynin administered in an oral formulation is absorbed from the intestinal track at an undesirably slow and uneven rate with a variable metabolism that leads to undesirable variations in blood levels and undesirably high dosage rates to achieve a therapeutic response leading to undesirable side effects;

(2) Oxybutynin administered in an oral formulation does not produce desirably high blood levels in a desirably short period of time;

(3) Oxybutynin administered in an oral formation may result in a significant amount not reaching targeted tissues because it is being wasted by metabolism or excretion;

(4) Oxybutynin administered in an oral formation is contraindicated for patients with gastrointestinal obstruction disorders because of the risk of urinary retention; and

(5) Oxybutynin administered in oral formulation requires chronic dosing with significant and severe side effects, including dry mouth (xerostomia), constipation, mydriasis, blurred vision, drowsiness, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia and dizziness.

(6) Oxybutynin administered in the oral formulation is subject to first pass metabolism, resulting in the formation of metabolite N-desethyloxybutynin (DEO) which has been attributed to cause the majority of the aforementioned side effects.

As a result, many patients discontinue oral anticholinergic therapy.

(7) Oxybutynin administered in an oral formation is administered as a tablet or multiple tablets which may lack the desirable ease of administration because some people may dislike the swallowing of tablets, or may have difficulty swallowing tablets, or are unable to swallow tablets, or may require a liquid to assist swallowing of tablets; and

(8) Oxybutynin-containing tablets also contain several inactive ingredients, including significant amounts of lactose, corn starch, magnesium silicate, magnesium stearate, and talc which may be considered undesirable because some people may dislike or be allergic to one or more of these inactive ingredients that comprise the oxybutynin tablets.

Additionally, some patients suffer skin irritation from transdermal patches, have difficulty maintaining and tolerating patch-to-skin contact, or dislike the aesthetics of a transdermal patch.

This results in the limitation of air flowing to and from the lung and causes shortness of breath and overall difficulty in breathing.

Although oxybutynin is a LAMA, no effective pharmaceutical form, or method of administration has heretofore been developed to treat COPD using oxybutynin.

Although some forms of oxybutynin hydrochloride compositions have been contemplated for administration in dry powder form, no such forms have yet been successfully reduced to practice.

Images