The invention discloses a kit for rapid detection of common mutant genes of thalassemia. The kit includes primers designed specific to --<SEA>, --<THAI>, -alpha<2.4>, -alpha<21.9>, HPFH-SEA, DBT, -alpha<4.2>, -alpha<3.7>, alpha<CS>alpha, alpha<QS>alpha, alpha<Westmead>alpha, Hb Q-Thailand, beta<-90>, beta<-29>, beta<-28>, beta<Cap+40-43>, beta<Int M>, beta<Int CD>, beta<CD14-15>, beta<CD17>, beta<CD26>, beta<27/28>, beta<IVS-I-1>, beta<IVS-I-5>, beta<CD37>, beta<CD41-42>, beta<CD43>, beta<CD71-72>, beta<CD95>, and beta<IVS-II-654> and gender detection primers, and the primers are subpackaged in 2 tubes. The kit provided by the invention can rapidly and accurately detect the common mutant genes of thalassemia.