The invention discloses a bidirectional pressure balancing device and an environmental test box, the bidirectional pressure balancing device comprises a pressure relief box, a partition part is installed in the pressure relief box, the partition part divides the internal space of the pressure relief box into a first chamber and a second chamber, any side of the first chamber is provided with a first vent hole, any side of the second chamber is provided with a second vent hole, the partition part is provided with an exhaust channel and an air inlet channel, the end, close to the second chamber, of the exhaust channel is provided with an air outlet partition plate, the upper end of the air outlet partition plate is rotationally connected with the partition part, and the end, close to the first chamber, of the air inlet channel is provided with an air inlet partition plate; the upper end of the air inlet partition plate is rotationally connected with the partition part. The test box has the beneficial effects that the effect of bidirectional pressure balance can be achieved, the test box can be guaranteed at high temperature, and compression deformation of the test box can be prevented at low temperature.