The invention relates to a technology of anatomical analysis and research on a steel ingot of higher than 100-ton grade, particularly to a method for anatomical inspection on the quality, structure and performance of a steel ingot of 70-ton grade to 600-ton grade. The method mainly comprises the steps of: the key position and method for steel ingot anatomy, the heat treatment process for a steel ingot test sample, the surface treatment method for a steel ingot detection area, the high-precision analysis and detection method for sulfur distribution, oxygen distribution and phosphorus distribution, the analysis and inspection method for key area chemical constituents, the method for corroding at different concentrations by different corrosive liquids in different stages according to different types of steel, the post-treatment method for the images and results in the analysis and detection area, the analysis method for macrostructures and metallographic images, etc. With the method disclosed by the invention, the detection area surface of the steel ingot can be enabled to satisfy a cold-acid corrosion inspection demand, the solidification structure and macro-casting defects of a large steel ingot can be observed clearly, and the distribution positions of sulfides, oxides and phosphides as well as the segregation distribution condition of sulfur, phosphorus and carbon elements can be accurately determined, thus providing an advantageous basis for improving the solidification structure and eliminating the casting defects.