41results about How to "Improve high precision" patented technology

The invention provides a wet polishing dust collector and belongs to the technical field of operation. The wet polishing dust collector solves the problem that an existing polishing dust collecting device is poor in safety performance. The wet polishing dust collector comprises a shell provided with an inner cavity. The bottom of the inner cavity is provided with a water containing area. The front portion of the inner cavity is provided with polishing dust collecting areas. The side walls of the polishing dust collecting areas are provided with operation openings. The back portion of the inner cavity is an air outlet area. The polishing dust collecting areas are partitioned from the air outlet area through a partition plate fixedly connected with the shell. The side wall of the air outlet area in the shell is provided with an air outlet. The shell is further provided with a liquid level control mechanism, wherein the liquid level control mechanism is used for controlling the water level in a water containing area so as to enable an air passing interval to be formed between the bottom edge of the partition plate and the liquid surface. The wet polishing dust collector has the functions of a dust collection hood and a dust collector. According to the wet polishing dust collector, a pipeline needed for connection between the dust collecting hood and the dust collector is omitted, and therefore dangerous factors caused by sedimentation of dust in the pipelines are eliminated.

The invention provides a magnetic-suspension wave detector. The magnetic-suspension wave detector comprises a shell, a fixed permanent magnet, a first diamagnetic body, a coil, a second diamagnetic body and a suspension permanent magnet, wherein the fixed permanent magnet, the first diamagnetic body, the coil and the second diamagnetic body are sequentially arranged at the inner part of the shell from top to bottom, the suspension permanent magnet is positioned in the coil, and the magnetic pole magnetisms of the fixed permanent magnet and the suspension permanent magnet facing each other are different. According to the magnetic-suspension wave detector provided by the invention, the gravity born by the suspension permanent magnet can be offset through an attraction force from the fixed permanent magnet to the suspension permanent magnet, and the suspension permanent magnet is guaranteed to be in a stable state through the diamagnetic bodies which are positioned at the upper part and the lower part of the suspension permanent magnet; and when the suspension permanent magnet shifts to optional one direction, a component force of a horizontal direction or a vertical direction of a resulting force born by the suspension permanent magnet is opposite to a shifting direction, thus the suspension permanent magnet can be quickly and accurately attracted to return to a balance position, and the sensitivity and the accuracy of monitoring are increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of measurement data compression transmission of a wire area measurement system (WAMS), in particular to a Beidou short message-based measurement data compression transmission method of the WAMS. The Beidou short message-based measurement data compression transmission method is a Beidou short message-based research method capable of transmitting a largeamount of main data of a power grid in real time. The Beidou short message-based measurement data compression transmission method comprises the steps of compressing and transmitting a byte space of adata frame of monitoring data by a PMU; acquiring on-line monitoring data on the PMU, and decompressing the on-line monitoring data; monitoring a working condition of monitoring end equipment of a monitoring system on line; and remotely configuring a parameter of the monitoring end equipment of the monitoring system. By the Beidou short message-based measurement data compression transmission method, high efficiency of big data transmission can be improved, and high accuracy of a transmission result is improved; and data on the power grid measured by the PMU in a substation is compressed to form a binary code, the binary code is sent to a Beidou short message server by a communication system, program decoding decompression is performed in a control center after receiving of a satellite navigation system, real-time monitoring of the power grid is finally achieved, and real-time data detection of the PMU during normal running of a power system is ensured.

The invention discloses a high-safety and high-precision airwave pressure therapeutic apparatus, and belongs to the technical field of airwave pressure therapeutic apparatuses. The high-safety and high-precision airwave pressure therapeutic apparatus comprises an electromagnetic air pump, the input end and the output end of the electromagnetic air pump are provided with control valves, one side of each control valve is fixedly connected with a buffer air tank through a pipeline, one side of the buffer air tank is fixedly connected with a pressure sensor through a pipeline, a safety overflow valve is installed on one side of the pressure sensor, the safety overflow valve is fixedly connected with electromagnetic valve groups through a flow dividing pipe, one end of each electromagnetic valve group is fixedly connected with connecting pipes, pressure detectors are installed in the connecting pipes, and the other ends of the connecting pipes are fixedly connected to the interiors of sleeve accessory connectors. The unique air pressurization path of the medical equipment improves the high accuracy of detection of the medical equipment, the pressure treatment safety of the equipment is also improved, and the safety of the medical equipment is further improved in cooperation with the safety overflow valve and the normally-open electromagnetic valves.

The invention discloses a charging current control circuit, a charging current control method, electronic equipment and a charging method thereof. The charging current control circuit comprises a charging current output module, a sampling module, a reference generation module, an error amplification module and a control module, wherein the charging current output module is used for outputting a charging current and outputting a sampling current obtained by sampling the charging current according to a sampling proportion; the sampling module is connected with the charging current output moduleand is used for acquiring a sampling voltage according to the sampling current; the reference generation module is used for generating a reference voltage; the error amplification module is connectedwith the sampling module and the reference generation module, and is used for carrying out error amplification on the sampling voltage and the reference voltage, outputting an error amplification signal to the charging current output module and controlling the charging current; and the control module is used for outputting a corresponding sampling control signal to the charging current output module according to the charging mode signal and adjusting the sampling proportion.

The invention discloses a collaborative filtering recommendation method based on article energy diffusion and user preference, which can simultaneously provide high-precision and high-diversity recommendation. A bipartite diagram of an article; Initializing the energy of the article, and diffusing the initial energy of each article to the article through the user according to the energy diffusionprinciple and the user preference; According to the specific gravity of energy diffusion between articles, the similarity between articles is calculated, and the adjacent articles are selected. For the unscoring items of the target user, the prediction scoring is performed according to the scoring of the neighboring items of the target user. The N items with the highest prediction score were selected and recommended to the target users.

A track-based traffic system having an automatic steering mechanism and a fail-safe mechanism, in which a detection mechanism highly accurately detects the amount of displacement of a vehicle in the lateral direction of a track and has high reliability. The track-based traffic system has the steering mechanism for automatically steering front wheels and rear wheels of the vehicle by an actuator, and also has the fail-safe mechanism (10) including a protection track defined on the road surface of the track and also including protection wheels (40) provided at the lower part of the vehicle and moving within the protection track without contact. The track-based traffic system further has a pair of non-contact displacement meters (13) attached to a support bracket suspended from the lower part of a vehicle body, placed within the protection track (14), and installed so that detection waves (a) are radiated to left and right side-walls (14a), respectively, of the protection track. The pair of non-contact displacement meters measures the distances from the displacement meters to the left and right side-walls of the protection track.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a surface compound coating for guide rail of large measuring machine. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out a pretreatment on the surface to be painted to ensure that the surface does not have any defect, eliminating the grease on the surface, painting the two ends of a guide rail and two fillets on two sides, covering the surfaces which are not to be painted and screw holes with press plates so as to protect the surfaces and the screw holes; carrying out a sand-spraying coursing treatment on the surface to be painted, controlling the coarseness so as to ensuring the combination performance between the coating and the matrix; preparing a composite coating on the surface to be painted of the guide rail through an ultrasonic flame spraying technology under the assistance of a mechanical hand automatic walking auxiliary mechanism, wherein the composite coating is composed of a Ni based alloy substrate layer and a Ni based self-melting alloy work layer; removing all protection press plates after the spraying, slowly cooling to the room temperature, blowing off the dusts and impurities on the surface of the guide rail by compressed air, and then evenly painting epoxy resin organic paint on the surface. The epoxy resin organic paint penetrates into the inner pores in the coating, and thus the compactness, corrosion resistant performance, and wear resistant performance of the coating are all improved. The guide rail surface compound coating prepared from the preparation method can satisfy the requirements of guide rail of large measuring machine.

The invention relates to an integrated disassembling and welding machine of a diamond saw blade, which comprises a machine table and a worktop positioned above the machine table. The integrated disassembling and welding machine is characterized in that a lifting saw blade clamp is arranged on one side wall of the machine table; an opening for the saw blade to pass through is arranged at the edge of the worktop, wherein the edge of the worktop is positioned on one side of the saw blade clamp and extends out of the machine table; high-frequency heating equipment is arranged on the worktop; an annular heating coil of the high-frequency heating equipment is positioned over the opening, so as to be beneficial for sawteeth of the saw blade to extend into the annular heating coil; the worktop positioned besides the annular heating coil is provided with a cylinder D; and a steel brush for brushing off an old tool bit on the saw blade, and a tool bit placing plate for placing the tool bit are arranged on the movable end of the cylinder D. According to the integrated disassembling and welding machine, the disassembling and the welding of the diamond saw blade can be finished on the same equipment, thereby increasing the working efficiency.

The invention discloses a machining process for wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant high-precision bearings for rail transit. The machining process includes the following steps of (1), selection ofblanks; (2) segmental heating of the blanks; (3) high-speed forging of the blanks; (4) spheroidizing annealing; (5) surface treatment of semi-finished bearings; (6) spraying of primary bearings; (7)ring rolling diameter setting; (8) cleaning treatment. The machining process improves the properties of high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high precision of bearings, increases the cleanliness of the bearings, prolongs the service life of the bearings, meets the requirement for high precision level of the bearings and facilitates mass production, raw material preparation is reasonable and scientific, the reliability of the bearings can be significantly improved, and the machining process has great practicality and promotional value.

The invention discloses an electroslag furnace high-precision suspension frame weighing device. The weighing device comprises a bottom frame playing a supporting role, wherein three weighing sensors are arranged on the bottom frame, the three weighing sensors are not located on the same straight line, a suspension frame playing a role in connection is arranged above the weighing sensor, and threesupporting legs are further arranged above the suspension frame. The weighing device is advantaged in that the three weighing sensors which are not located on the same straight line are used for weighing, and thereby the installation and manufacturing requirements of equipment are reduced, the three sensors are enabled to be stressed uniformly and reliably through employing the principle of threepoints and one surface, and high-precision weight data is provided for smelting control.

The invention provides a time synchronization method and system, relates to the field of multi-module communication, and can solve the problem of equipment time synchronization delay in a network system caused by an existing single-point access clock. According to the specific technical scheme, the method comprises: determining a first service module to receive clock information input for a clockinput port; the first service module transmitting the received clock information to the main center module for synchronization; the main center module transmitting the clock information to at least one second service module; wherein the first service module and the second service module are respectively communication modules in the multi-module networking system; wherein the second service modulecomprises a main service module.

The invention discloses a quartz flexible accelerometer based on a miniature torquer and a manufacturing method thereof. The accelerometer comprises a quartz flexible pendulous reed, and the upper and lower sides of the quartz flexible pendulous reed are respectively provided with a permanent magnet film, a capacitor plate and a silicon-based coil in sequence. Therefore, the quartz flexible accelerometer forms a push-pull structure which takes the quartz flexible pendulous reed as a symmetric center and is symmetrical at the upper side and the lower side, and the whole accelerometer is flat. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a quartz flexible pendulous reed through micro-nano processing; S2, preparing a multi-pole magnetized permanent magnet film; S3, preparing a capacitor plate through micro-nano processing; S4, preparing a silicon-based coil through micro-nano processing; and S5, integrating the quartz flexible pendulous reed, the permanent magnet film, the capacitor plate and the silicon-based coil to form the accelerometer. According to the invention, the problem of temperature drift in an existing quartz flexible accelerometer can be relieved, compatibility of device preparation and a micro-nano process is realized, and development of high-precision and miniaturized quartz flexible accelerometers in China is facilitated.

The invention provides a 3D visual identification pick-and-place system and method, and belongs to the technical field of visual guidance robots. The system comprises a 3D vision unit, a pose operation unit and a pick-and-place unit which are in communication connection; the 3D vision unit projects a coding pattern, shoots irregular workpieces, acquires an image, and decodes the coding pattern by using calibrated parameters to obtain scene point clouds; a template library module creates template point clouds of the irregular workpieces under different poses; the scene point clouds and the template point clouds are matched to obtain matching parameters; the pose operation module calculates a grabbing pose and a placing pose according to the input matching parameters, so that the pick-and-place unit grabs and places the irregular workpieces. According to the system and the method, the problems of large matching error and even matching failure caused by difficult matching of the irregular workpieces due to lack of visual features are effectively solved, so that the high-precision, high-speed and high-stability taking and placing operation of the irregular workpieces is improved.

The invention discloses flexible rope tension-displacement measurement control and pressure connecting equipment. The equipment comprises a machine seat, a rope connecting device and a man-machine interaction control box, wherein the rope connecting device comprises a displacement driving module, a tension driving module, a tension-displacement measurement control module and a conformance pressureconnecting module; the displacement driving module is used for adjusting the length of a rope; the tension driving module is used for adjusting the tension of the rope; the tension-displacement measurement control module is used for measuring and controlling the length and tension of the rope; the conformance pressure connecting module is used for completing conformance centering pressure connecting of a jacket; and through simultaneous action and joint cooperation of the displacement driving module, the tension driving module, the tension-displacement measurement control module and the conformance pressure connecting module, mixed measuring and control over force and position of connection of flexible ropes are achieved, the problems that the precision is difficult to control due to thefact that the strain ratio is small, and length-tension coupling is not appropriate in the rope manufacturing process is effectively solved, and the rope measuring connection precision and efficiencyare improved.

The invention discloses a magnetic-driven linear reciprocating yarn guide device. The device comprises a friction roller, a bobbin and a yarn guide system, wherein the yarn guide system includes a slide block unit and a slide rail unit slidingly matched with each other; the slide block unit includes a top thrust winding, a left suspension winding, a right suspension winding and a slide block top plate; the slide rail unit includes a middle thrust permanent magnet, a left suspension permanent magnet, a right suspension permanent magnet, a left slide rail and a right slide rail; in operation, the other end of a yarn wound on the bobbin is connected with a front surface of the slide block top plate after passing through a yarn guide nozzle and a yarn guide rod in sequence; the left suspension winding, the right suspension winding, the left suspension permanent magnet and the right suspension permanent magnet correspondingly generate magnetic cooperation to suspend the left slide rail and the right slide rail; and meanwhile, the top thrust winding and the middle thrust permanent magnet generate magnetic cooperation to push the slide block top plate to perform a linear reciprocating motion. The device is lower in internal friction force, lower in energy consumption, higher in control precision, simple in structure and easy to machine.

The invention discloses a high-precision grinding numerical control grinding machine, particularly relates to the technical field of numerical control grinding machines. Through the adoption of the technical scheme, the high-precision grinding numerical control grinding machine comprises a gearbox, a gear lever and a supporting arm, wherein a second positioning seat is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the gearbox, a high-speed gear ejector rod, a medium-speed gear ejector rod and a low-speed gear ejector rod are inserted into the inner wall of the left end of the second positioning seat, the gear lever is inserted into the inner wall of the gearbox, a small gear, a middle gear and a large gear are fixedly mounted on the outer wall of the gear lever, the large gear is connected with the high-speed gear ejector rod, the outer wall of the gear lever is sleeved with a pull ring, a top seat is fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the gearbox, a second sliding groove is formed in the inner wall of the top seat, and a pull block is inserted into the inner wall of the second sliding groove. The high-precision grinding numerical control grinding machine has the beneficial effects that a grinding table can be adjusted in a lifting mode according to different precision by arranging three precision adjusting devices on the grinding table, air is blown to a grinding head, the grinding head is kept clean all the time, and objects can be ground in a high-precision mode.

The invention discloses an intelligent adjustable high-precision material discharging device used for a full-automatic food packing machine. The -precision material discharging device comprises a machine base; a material hopper is arranged on the machine base; a stirring shaft is arranged at the center of the material hopper in the front-rear horizontal direction; the front and rear ends of the stirring shaft are in transmission connection with a stirring shaft driving motor; multiple stirring rods are arranged around the outer side of the stirring shaft; the inner end of each stirring rod isfixedly connected with the stirring shaft; the lower part of the material hopper is a semi-circular-arc plate which takes the axis of the stirring shaft as the center; multiple material outlets are sequentially formed in the semi-circular-arc plate of the material hopper from front to rear at intervals; and a spiral conveyer is arranged below each material outlet. The invention aims to provide theintelligent adjustable high-precision material discharging device used for the full-automatic food packing machine which can bag and process large bulk or strip-shaped food containing a large amountof relatively-adhesive juice; food bagging weight is high in precision and low in error; the working performance is stable and reliable; and the working efficiency of bagging by the packing machine ishigh.

The invention discloses flexible rope tension-displacement measurement and control and crimping equipment. The flexible rope tension-displacement measurement and control and crimping equipment includes a machine base, a rope connection device and a man-machine interaction control box; wherein the rope connection device includes a displacement drive module, a tension drive module, a tension-displacement measurement and control module, and a compliance crimping module; the displacement drive module is used for adjusting the length of the rope; the tension drive module is used for adjusting the tension of the rope; the tension-displacement measurement and control module is used for measuring and controlling the length and tension of the rope; and the compliance crimping module is used for completing the compliance centered crimping of a jacket. Through the simultaneous action and cooperation of the displacement drive module, the tension drive module, the tension-displacement measurement and control module and the compliance crimping module, the force-displacement hybrid measurement and control of the flexible rope connection is realized; and therefore, the problem of difficult to control the accuracy caused by factors such as small strain ratio and length-tension coupling in the rope manufacturing process is effectively overcome, and the accuracy and efficiency of rope measurementand connection are improved.

The invention discloses a material-picking robot for processing auto parts, which comprises a bottom plate, a material-picking frame, a rear picking platform and a material-moving platform. Both ends above the bottom plate are provided with transport frames, and a transport frame is arranged between the two transport frames. There is a material-moving platform, one end of the material-moving platform is provided with a pick-up frame, and the other end of the processing frame is provided with a back-picking platform. The beneficial effect of the present invention is that the scraps and wastes produced in the process of processing are dropped and collected through the processing frame, which ensures the environmental protection of the use, facilitates the staff to clean up the wastes, and synchronously drives the picking through the two first sliding seats. There are three rotating plates with equal arcs on the four edges of the two motors, and several grabbing blocks are arranged symmetrically at the bottom of the rotating plates at equal intervals to ensure that the robot is more efficient in grabbing and picking robot parts. At the same time, the robot has a larger capacity for grabbing and picking auto parts, and the robot has a high degree of automation, saving time and effort in use.

The invention discloses a high-precision satellite pulse per second synchronous punctuality device and method. The method is characterized in that phase difference detection of 1PPS signals is realized by using flip phase discrimination in the process of realizing synchronous punctuality, and the output phase of 1PPS is accurately controlled in real time by combining stepping compensation and phase shift alignment so that an accumulated error of a local clock and hopping of satellite 1PPS signals are well eliminated, high-precision synchronous punctuality is realized, during satellite synchronization, synchronization precision of 1PPS output is superior to 16ns; when a satellite is disconnected, the local punctuality is 24 hours, the error is less than 3 microseconds, moreover, online configuration of the output 1PPS pulse width is supported.

The invention provides a magnetic-suspension wave detector. The magnetic-suspension wave detector comprises a shell, a fixed permanent magnet, a first diamagnetic body, a coil, a second diamagnetic body and a suspension permanent magnet, wherein the fixed permanent magnet, the first diamagnetic body, the coil and the second diamagnetic body are sequentially arranged at the inner part of the shell from top to bottom, the suspension permanent magnet is positioned in the coil, and the magnetic pole magnetisms of the fixed permanent magnet and the suspension permanent magnet facing each other are different. According to the magnetic-suspension wave detector provided by the invention, the gravity born by the suspension permanent magnet can be offset through an attraction force from the fixed permanent magnet to the suspension permanent magnet, and the suspension permanent magnet is guaranteed to be in a stable state through the diamagnetic bodies which are positioned at the upper part and the lower part of the suspension permanent magnet; and when the suspension permanent magnet shifts to optional one direction, a component force of a horizontal direction or a vertical direction of a resulting force born by the suspension permanent magnet is opposite to a shifting direction, thus the suspension permanent magnet can be quickly and accurately attracted to return to a balance position, and the sensitivity and the accuracy of monitoring are increased.

The invention discloses a plasma arc additive manufacturing device and a plasma arc additive manufacturing method, relates to the technical field of additive manufacturing, and aims to solve the problem that manual height setting is needed during arcing of a welding gun in the plasma arc additive manufacturing process. The plasma arc additive manufacturing device comprises a welding gun, a supporting assembly, a range finder and a control module. The supporting assembly is arranged on the welding gun; the range finder is arranged at the end, close to the emitting end of the welding gun, of the supporting assembly and used for measuring the first distance between the range finder and the surface of the to-be-welded base material. The control module is connected with the distance meter and used for calculating the distance between the emitting end of the welding gun and the surface of the to-be-welded base material and controlling the welding gun to move to the preset arcing height. The plasma arc additive manufacturing method is applied to the plasma arc additive manufacturing device provided by the technical scheme. The plasma arc additive manufacturing device and the plasma arc additive manufacturing method provided by the invention are used for realizing automatic fixed-height arcing and improving the plasma arc additive forming efficiency.

The invention discloses a geostationary satellite hourly near-surface atmospheric fine particulate matter estimation method. Themethod comprises the following steps of: S1, vertical correction, specifically, matching a near-surface extinction coefficient calculated by a meteorological station with the aerosol optical thickness of a FY-4 satellite to calculate the aerosol elevation of an area wherethe meteorological station is located; S2, humidity correction, specifically, fitting a moisture absorption growth function of the station month by month by utilizing a model 1 and a model 2, and calculating moisture absorption growth factors under different humidity conditions after verifying the effect; and S3, particulate matter estimation, specifically, utilizing resampling and longitude andlatitude matching to construct a prediction and verification data set of data features and models through foundation particulate matter concentration observation data, physically corrected dry extinction and all parameters. According to the method, the precision of the elevation simulated through an atmospheric environment mode is better; the method for solving the particle moisture absorption growth effect is clear and fine; and the problems of large calculation amount and gradient disappearance of a neural network are solved by using a streamline as an activation function.

The invention discloses a broadband millimeter wave signal analog-to-digital conversion method and system. The method is as follows: 1) the optical pulse is input to the optical port of the dual-output electro-optic intensity modulator; the electrical port of the dual-output electro-optical intensity modulator is used to receive the millimeter-wave signal to be converted; wherein, the frequency range of the millimeter-wave signal is [f 1 , f 2 ], light pulse frequency f 0 Satisfy 2) Convert the modulated optical signals output by the two arms of the dual-output electro-optical intensity modulator back into electrical signals v 1 (t), v 2 (t); then check mark v 1 (t), v 2 (t) After performing low-pass filtering and quantization respectively, the signal V 1 (t), V 2 (t) and input digital signal processing unit; 3) digital signal processing unit according to signal V 1 (t), V 2 (t) Calculate and obtain the converted digital signal of the millimeter wave signal to be converted.

The invention discloses an intelligent high-safety child body temperature monitoring watch capable of achieving real-time observation. The intelligent high-safety child body temperature monitoring watch capable of achieving real-time observation comprises a child wrist chain protective shell, a mercury liquid body temperature testing system and a safety protective valve, wherein a mercury sensitive protection mini-type tank is installed inside the child wrist chain protective shell in a flowing mode and communicated with the interior of the mercury liquid body temperature testing system; a stable flowing fastening sliding way is installed below the mercury sensitive protection mini-type tank; a cooling inverted reflux device is arranged at a port in the right side of the stable flowing fastening sliding way; the other end of the cooling inverted reflux device is connected with a mercury liquid drop assembly cylinder; the upper end face of the mercury liquid body temperature testing system is provided with a body temperature display panel. The intelligent high-safety child body temperature monitoring watch is simple in structure, is low in cost and selling price, effectively and safely controls and protects conduction of intelligent child observation body temperature testing, enhances high accuracy of body temperature testing and has good application prospects on the aspect of real-time observation of child body temperature safe testing.

The invention discloses a preparation device of an annular screen cold storage packing of a heat regenerator and a manufacturing method thereof. The device consists of a die shank, an upper supporting plate, an upper cushion plate, an upper die holder, an upper clamping plate, a female die, an upper guide sleeve, a guide pillar, an outer stripping plate, a lower guide sleeve, a lower cushion plate, a lower die holder, an upper spring, a knockout plate, a knockout rod, a punching head, a female die core insert, an inner stripping plate, an outer stripping plate insert, a lower spring, a male die core and a contour casing. Through the preparation device and the manufacturing method, the strict requirement on the high-quality annular screen packing during research, development and production of a regenerative refrigerator can be satisfied, not only can the high-accuracy dimension tolerance control on the inner diameter and the outer diameter of an annular screen sheet during production be guaranteed, but also the flatness of the screen sheet and the die-cutting quality of the inner and outer edge sections of the screen can be guaranteed, and the consistency of annular screen sheets during mass production can be realized at a lower cost.